Benzonatate modified release solid tablets and capsules

ABSTRACT

A modified release benzonatate solid tablet or capsule is described which comprises a benzonatate adsorbate in a matrix with a sufficient amount of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable modified release pH-independent, substances to provide a modified release profile to the benzonatate, wherein there is substantially no benzonatate release from the tablet or capsule in the buccal cavity and no more than about 25% release of the benzonatate within 1 hour as determined in an in vitro dissolution assay.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/841,785,filed Dec. 14, 207, which is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/075,697, filed Mar. 21, 2016, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/863,784, filed Sep. 24, 2015, nowU.S. Pat. No. 8,408,823, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/282,058, filed May 20, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No.9,180,104, which is a continuation of PCT/US 14/23106, filed Mar. 11,2014, now expired, which claims the benefit of the priority of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/872,019, filed Aug. 30, 2013, nowexpired and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/780,689, filedMar. 13, 2013, now expired, all of which are incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Benzonatate is a non-narcotic oral cough suppressant, or antitussive,with therapeutic effects that last about 6 to 8 hours following deliveryof an immediate release composition. Its formal name is2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26-nonaoxaoctacosan-28-yl para-butylaminobenzoate.Since it is not an opioid, benzonatate is not prone to potential abuselike some other cough medications such as codeine. See, e.g., U.S. Pat.No. 8,357,398. Benzonatate was approved by the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) in 1958 for administration as an anti-tussive.[www.medicinenet.com/Benzonatate/article.htm, accessed on Mar. 12,2013].

Benzonatate is a butylamine, chemically related to other ester localanesthetics such as procaine and tetracaine. Benzonatate is reported toact as a local anesthetic, decreasing the sensitivity of stretchreceptors in the lower airway and lung, thereby reducing the drive tocough after taking a deep breath. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,694. Asan antitussive, benzonatate is reported to reduce coughing in variousrespiratory conditions such as bronchitis, emphysema, influenza, andpneumonia. See, e.g.,http://www.medicalook.com/reviews/Benzonatate.html, accessed on Mar. 12,2013.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,357,398, WO 2012/054067, US 2013/0096191A1, US2011/0091509, all Howard et al, describe oral doses forms of benzonatatestated to be useful for anti-tussive applications. Howard et al,describe binding benzonatate to an ion exchange resin for the describedpurposes of reducing the choking hazard and noxious taste ofbenzonatate.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,793,934, Burnside et al, describe the use of granulatedmagnesium aluminometalsilicate alone, or together with dibasic calciumphosphate, to convert a liquid drug such as benzonatate to a powder. The'934 patent describes mixing benzonatate with ethyl alcohol to reduceits viscosity prior to blending with the combination of granulatedmagnesium aluminometalsilicate and dibasic calcium phosphate, andmagnesium stearate. The ethyl alcohol is removed during processing ofthe resulting powder.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,694, Press et al, claim an oil-in-water emulsionwith a continuous water phase and a discontinuous oil phase. Essentiallyall of the benzonatate is present in the discontinuous oil phase of theemulsion.

US Application No. 2008/0176955 A1, Heck et al, describe pharmaceuticalcompositions containing a combination of benzonatate and guaifenesinwhich are designed to provide cough relief to opiate-sensitiveindividuals, including infants and other pediatric patents.

Benzonatate is currently commercially available in immediate releaseform as 100 mg and 200 mg softgel capsules. Initial dose is one 100 mggelcap by mouth, 3 times a day (8 hour effect). Dosage may be increasedas necessary, up to a maximum of 600 mg per day. Due to its potency andpotential toxicity, the capsules must be swallowed intact in order toallow slower release of the medication. Excessive absorption ofbenzonatate (a local anesthetic) in the oral mucosa will result in therapid development of numbness of the mouth and throat. In extreme cases,the mouth and pharynx may become so numb that pulmonary aspiration mayoccur. Excessive absorption of benzonatate can occur if the gelcaps arechewed or allowed to dissolve in the mouth. This may lead to an overdoseof the drug.

What is needed in the art are benzonatate compositions which avoid theundesirable side effects associated with release of this drug in thebuccal cavity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Modified release benzonatate solid compositions are described herein. Byreducing the number of doses which are taken daily, the compositionsherein provide added benefits, including convenience, for the patient.In addition, the compositions provided herein avoid release in thebuccal cavity and provide a modified release of the benzonatate toreduce the number of doses required by day, thereby avoiding undesirableand potentially serious side effects associated with benzonatate.Additionally, it is an objective of the compositions provided herein isto provide a stable in vitro and in vivo release rate over at least theduration of conventional shelf-life storage conditions and times.

In one aspect, a modified release solid oral composition is providedwhich comprises (a) benzonatate in a matrix, wherein said matrix is ahomogenous solid dispersion comprising (i) a benzonatate component and(ii) at least one pharmaceutically acceptable modified releasepH-independent, hydrophilic or hydrophobic matrix-forming substance inan amount effective to provide a modified release profile to thebenzonatate, and (b) a reverse enteric coating over the benzonatate in amatrix (a), wherein there is no more than about 50%, preferably lessthan about 40%, more preferably less than about 25%, of the benzonatatereleased from the composition within 1 hour, about 50% to about 80% ofthe benzonatate release from the composition within about 6 hours, andnot less than about 80% released from the composition at about 12 hours,as determined in an in vitro dissolution test and substantially nobenzonatate release from the composition in the buccal cavity oresophagus.

In another aspect, an anti-tussive modified release solid tablet orcapsule composition is provided which comprises benzonatate in a matrix,wherein said matrix is a homogenous solid dispersion comprising (a) abenzonatate component selected from the group consisting of (i) anadsorbate comprising benzonatate and an adsorbent or (ii) abenzonatate-weak acidic ion exchange resin complex and (b) at least onepharmaceutically acceptable modified release pH-independent, high melttemperature, matrix-forming water-insoluble wax or waxy substance in anamount effective to provide a modified release profile to thebenzonatate, wherein there is no more than about 50% release of thebenzonatate from the composition within 1 hour as determined in an invitro dissolution assay and substantially no benzonatate release fromthe composition in the buccal cavity or esophagus. In one embodiment,the benzonatate adsorbate comprises benzonatate and a silica orsilicate. One suitable example of a silicate is calcium silicate.

In a further aspect, an anti-tussive modified release solid tablet orcapsule composition is described which comprises benzonatate in amatrix, wherein said matrix is a homogenous solid dispersion comprising(a) an adsorbate comprising a benzonatate and a nonmetallic based silicaand (b) about 5% w/w to about 30% w/w glyceryl behenate, wherein thereis no more than about 25% release of the benzonatate from thecomposition within 1 hour as determined in an in vitro dissolution assayand substantially no benzonatate release from the composition in thebuccal cavity or esophagus.

In still a further aspect, an anti-tussive modified release solid tabletis described which comprises a homogenous dispersion comprisingbenzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbate and at least one pharmaceuticallyacceptable modified release pH-independent, high melt temperature,matrix-forming water-insoluble wax or waxy substance in an amounteffective to provide a modified release profile to the benzonatate,wherein there is no more than about 25% release of the benzonatatewithin 1 hour as determined in an in vitro dissolution assay andsubstantially no benzonatate release from the composition in the buccalcavity or esophagus.

In another aspect, an anti-tussive modified release solid oral tablet isdescribed which comprises a core and a reverse enteric coating over saidcore. The core comprises benzonatate in a matrix, wherein said matrix isa homogenous solid dispersion comprising (a) an adsorbate comprisingbenzonatate and a silica, wherein the weight percentage of benzonatatein the adsorbate is about to 50% by weight benzonatate to about 75% byweight benzonatate, based on the weight of the adsorbate, (b) about 4%to about 20% of a hydrophilic or hydrophilic matrix forming material, byweight based on the weight of the core, and wherein the ratio ofbenzonatate adsorbate to polymer is about 8:1 to about 1:1, or ratios inbetween, e.g., about 6:1 to about 2:1. The tablet further comprises 5%to about 20% by weight of a reverse enteric coating wherein the coatingweight percentage is based on the total coated tablet prior to anyoptional seal coat, wherein there is substantially no benzonataterelease from the tablet in the buccal cavity or esophagus and no morethan about 25% release of the benzonatate within 1 hour as determined inan in vitro dissolution assay.

In yet a further aspect, a 12-hour anti-tussive modified release solidtablet or capsule composition is described which comprises benzonatatein a matrix, wherein said matrix is a homogenous solid dispersioncomprising (a) a benzonatate-weak acidic ion exchange resin complex and(b) at least one pharmaceutically acceptable modified releasepH-independent, high melt temperature, matrix-forming water-insolublewax or waxy substance in an amount effective to provide a 12-hourmodified release profile to the benzonatate, wherein there is no morethan about 25% release of the benzonatate within 1 hour as determined inan in vitro dissolution assay and substantially no benzonatate releasefrom the composition in the buccal cavity or esophagus.

In still a further aspect, a 12-hour anti-tussive modified release solidcomposition comprising benzonatate is provided. This solid compositionprovides a pharmacokinetic profile for benzonatate in which itsgeometric mean maximum plasma concentration which has an area under thecurve (AUC)inf of about 110 to about 170 ng-h/mL, a Cmax of about 15 toabout 25 ng/mL and a Tmax of about 12 to 20 hours, following a dailyoral administration of said solid composition (single dose equivalent to300 mg benzonatate in adults/2×/day or 600 mg daily). In anotherembodiment, this composition provides an in vitro release, wherein thereis no more than about 25% release of the benzonatate within 1 hour, notmore than about 80% release within 6 hours, and not less than about 80%release at 12 hours, as determined in an in vitro dissolution assay andsubstantially no benzonatate release from the composition in the buccalcavity or esophagus.

In still a further aspect, a 12-hour anti-tussive modified release solidtablet or capsule comprising benzonatate is provided. This tablet orpowder provides a pharmacokinetic profile for benzonatate in which itsgeometric mean maximum plasma concentration which has an area under thecurve (AUC)inf of about 121 to about 245 ng-h/mL, a Cmax of about 28 toabout 34 ng/mL and a Tmax of about 8 to 16 hours, following a daily oraladministration of said solid composition (single dose equivalent to 300mg benzonatate in adults, 2×/day (600 mg total/day).

Still other advantages and aspects of the invention will be readilyapparent from the following detailed description of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a graph providing the results of a biostudy comparing meanplasma benzonatate concentration-time profiles for a benzonatateextended release tablet (150 mg, administered 2×, q12h) as compared to acommercially available reference drug (Tessalon® Perles (2×100 mg q8h);Pfizer Inc). The number of subjects was 14. The test drug wasadministered at 0 and 12 hours and the reference drug were administeredat 0, 8 and at 16 hours.

FIG. 1B is a graph providing the results of a biostudy comparing meanplasma benzonatate concentration-time profiles for a benzonatateextended release tablet (150 mg, administered 2×, q12h) as compared to acommercially available reference drug (Tessalon® Perles (2×100 mg q8h);Pfizer Inc). The number of subjects was 14. The test drug wasadministered at 0 and 12 hours and the reference drug were administeredat 0, 12 and 16 hours.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

An anti-tussive modified release solid composition is provided whichcomprises a benzonatate component in a matrix which is a homogenoussolid dispersion characterized by release of no more than about 55%, nomore than about 50%, no more than about 40%, no more than about 30%, orno more than about 25% of the benzonatate from the composition, orrelease of less than 25% of the benzonatate in the composition within 1hour as determined in an in vitro dissolution assay. In one embodiment,the matrix is formed upon admixture and/or compression of a benzonatatecomponent with a modified release hydrophilic polymer or hydrophobic waxor waxy substance. The benzonatate component may be a solid benzonatateadsorbate or benzonatate-ion exchange resin. The composition may have areverse enteric coating. A modified release benzonatate solidcomposition provided herein is designed to avoid undesirable sideeffects associated with release of benzonatate in the buccal cavity andto provide stable in vitro and/or in vivo release profiles.

The solid compositions provided herein are may be a tablet, apowder-in-capsule, or mini-tabs loaded into a capsule.

As defined herein, a “stable” in vitro and/or in vivo release profilemeans that the in vitro dissolution profile and/or the in vivopharmacokinetic profile of a modified release benzonatate solidcomposition described herein is the same or substantially the samefollowing storage of the composition over a period of up to at leastabout 6 months, about 12 months, about 18 months, about 24 months underambient conditions compared to when assessed substantially immediatelyfollowing preparation of the composition. An in vitro dissolutionrelease profile may be assessed using a suitable assay, such as thoseknown to those of skill in the art or described herein. An in vivopharmacokinetic profile of the composition may be assessed usingparameters known in the art including, e.g., the area under the curve(AUC), Cmax, and Tmax. “Substantially the same” refers to a variance ofless than about 5%, less than about 3%, or less than about 1%, betweenselected profile of the stored composition and the profile of thecomposition prior to storage.

The compound having the chemical name2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethyl-4-butylaminobenzoateis commonly known as benzonatate. Benzonatate is pale yellow oily liquidat room temperature which is water soluble and moisture sensitive, butstable. Pharmaceutical grade benzonatate is commercially available,e.g., from BASF SE.

An immediate release benzonatate composition typically provides about a6 to 8 hour effect (e.g., Tessalon®). Thus, a modified releasebenzonatate such as described herein is characterized by havingtherapeutically effective plasma levels of benzonatate for at leastabout 10 to at least about 12 hours following administration and up toabout 24 hours.

The compositions described herein help to avoid an undesirable sideeffect associated with release of benzonatate in the buccal cavity oresophagus which side effects include temporary, potentiallylife-threatening local anesthesia of the oral mucosa, choking, or severehypersensitivity reactions; oropharyngeal anesthesia can develop rapidlywith improper administration. As used herein, the phrase “substantiallyno release of benzonatate” in the buccal cavity means that no amount ofbenzonatate and/or no amount of benzonatate which causes these sideeffects is released buccal cavity. As used herein, the term “buccalcavity” refers to the mouth, i.e., the area bounded by the lips, cheeks,and tongue.

A modified release solid composition comprising benzonatate is provided.In one embodiment, the composition provides a 12-hour tablet or capsulewith a pharmacokinetic profile for benzonatate in which its geometricmean maximum plasma concentration which has an area under the curve(AUC)inf of about 110 to about 170 ng-h/mL, a Cmax of about 15 to about25 ng/mL and a Tmax of about 12 to 20 hours, following a daily oraladministration of benzonatate (single dose equivalent to 300 mg, 2×/day)in adults. In another embodiment, this composition provides an in vitrorelease, wherein there is no more than about 25% release of thebenzonatate within 1 hour, no more than about 80% release within 6hours, and not less than about 80% release at 12 hours, as determined inan in vitro dissolution assay and substantially no benzonatate releasefrom the composition in the buccal cavity or esophagus.

In one embodiment, an anti-tussive modified release solid oral tablet orcapsule composition contains benzonatate in a matrix. The matrix is ahomogenous solid dispersion comprising a benzonatate component selectedfrom the group consisting of (i) a dry, non-adherent, free-flowingcompressible benzonatate adsorbate powder or (ii) a benzonatate-weakacidic cation exchange resin complex and (b) at least onepharmaceutically acceptable modified release pH-independent,matrix-forming hydrophilic polymer or hydrophobic high melt temperature,matrix-forming water-insoluble wax or waxy substance in an amounteffective to provide a modified release profile to the benzonatate,characterized by release of no more than about 55%, no more than about40%, no more than about 30%, or no more than about 25% of thebenzonatate from the composition, or release of less than 25%, of thebenzonatate in the composition within 1 hour. This release rate may bedetermined in an in vitro dissolution assay such as that describedherein. In one embodiment, the adsorbate comprises a benzonatate and atleast one adsorbent which is a nonmetallic based silica or silicate.

In another embodiment, a 12-hour benzonatate modified release solidtablet or capsule comprising benzonatate is provided, in which thebenzonatate has a pharmacokinetic profile of FIG. 1A or FIG. 1B at adose equivalent to 300 mg daily dose of benzonatate (administered2×/day, total daily equivalent to 600 mg benzonatate) in an adult. Inanother embodiment, the 12-hour benzonatate modified release solidtablet or capsule is characterized by providing benzonatate with ageometric mean maximum plasma concentration which has an area under thecurve (AUC)inf of about 121 to about 245 ng-h/mL, a Cmax of about 28 toabout 34 ng/mL and a Tmax of about 8 to 16 hours, following a singleoral administration of said solid tablet at a dose equivalent to 300 mgbenzonatate in adults. In one example, the tablet or capsule provides abenzonatate having a pharmacokinetic profile characterized by ageometric mean maximum plasma concentration which has an area under thecurve (AUC)inf of about 150 ng-h/mL, a Cmax of about 30 ng/mL and a Tmaxof about 12 hours.

As used herein, the “pH-independent, high melt temperature,matrix-forming, water-insoluble wax or waxy substance” includeshydrophobic waxes or wax-like substances which are solids at roomtemperature. While waxes having melting points in the range of about 30°C. to about 50° C. may be utilized, blending or other processing mayneed to be performed at cold temperatures to counter heat generatedduring processing for waxes or wax-like substances having lower meltingpoints. Particularly desired are waxes and waxy-like substance whichhave melting point in the range of about 50° C. to about 80° C. Examplesof a suitable pH-independent, high melt temperature, matrix-forming,water-insoluble wax or waxy substance include, e.g., stearyl alcohol,acetyl alcohol, glyceryl palmitostearte, glyceryl monostearate; andwaxes selected from one or more of carnauba wax, beeswax, candelillawax, microcrystalline wax, ozokerite wax, paraffin waxes, glycerylbehenate, glyceryl stearate, glyceryl oleate, glyceryl myristate, cetylpalmitate, cetyl caprate, stearyl palmitate, stearyl stearate,derivatives and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, glyceryl behenateis used. Glyceryl behenate is available under the trade name ofCompritol® 888 ATO (Gattefosse, France) has a melting point ofapproximately 70° C. and an HLB value of 2. In another embodiment,glyceryl palmitostearate or glyceryl behenate is used. The glycerylpalmitostearate under the trade name of Precirol® ATO 5 (Gattefosse,France) is a wax type lipid excipient with a melting point ofapproximately 56° C. and an HLB value of 2. In still another embodiment,cetostearyl alcohol is used, which has a melting point in the range ofabout 48° C. to about 56° C., or about 52° C. In a further examples,acetyl alcohol, which has a melting point in the range of about 45° C.to about 52° C. may be used alone or in combination with one or morewaxes or waxy substance; Suitably, pharmaceutical grade waxes or waxysubstances are used in the compositions.

As described herein, the amount of the at least one pH-independent, highmelt temperature, matrix-forming, water-insoluble wax or waxy substanceeffective to provide the benzonatate with the 12-hour release profiledescribed herein is generally in the amount of about 4% w/w to 60% w/w,about 4% w/w to about 20% w/w, or about 4% w/w to about 10% w/w of theat least one wax based on the weight of the total composition.Alternatively, the effective amount may be determined based on the ratioof the benzonatate adsorbate to the at least one wax, which is in therange of about 5:1 to about 2:1, or about 4:1 to about 3:1. In stillanother alternative, the effective amount of the matrix-forming wax maybe determined based on the ratio of benzonatate-ion exchange resincomplex to matrix-forming wax, which is in the range of about 5:1 toabout 2:1, or about 3:1. These benzonatate modified release componentsare described in more detail in this specification.

As used herein, the “pH-independent, low viscosity, matrix-forming,modified release hydrophilic polymers” includes hydrophilic polymerswhich are solids at room temperature and which, when compressed into amatrix afford modified release properties to a drug within the matrixwhich is so formed. Suitable polymers may include natural gums, such asacacia gum tragacanth, locust bean gum, guar gum, karaya gum, modifiedcelluloses, including methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose (HMC),Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxyethylcellulose,carboxymethylcellulose, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose orHPMC), agar, pectin, carrageenan, alginate, carboxypolymethylene,gelatin, casein, and modified starch derivatives, or combinationsthereof. A variety of food grade and pharmaceutical grade hydrophilicpolymers are commercially available. For example, METHOCEL™ K-type FoodGrade HPMCs, including, e.g., K100M, K15M, F4M, K4M, K100LV, K3, E15LV,E5 and E3. For purposes of illustration only, these may have averageviscosities of about 4000 mPa-s (K4M), about 15,000 mPa-s (K15M), orabout 100,000 mPa-S. One hydroxypropyl cellulose [LXF, Ashland Chemical]is characterized by a molecular weight of 95,000 and a viscosity of75-150 mPa-S. Another illustrative HPC is characterized by a viscosityof 300 to 600 mPa-s and a molecular weight of about 80 kDa. Combinationsof hydrophilic polymers may be utilized, including a combination of twoor more hydrophilic polymers within the same class, but having differentviscosities or molecular weights (e.g., two HPMCs), or two or morehydrophilic polymers of different classes (e.g., an HPC and an HPMC).

As described herein, the amount of the at least one pH-independent,matrix-forming, modified release hydrophilic polymer described herein isgenerally in a total amount of about 4% w/w to 60% w/w, about 4% w/w toabout 20% w/w, or about 4% w/w to about 10% w/w of the at least onepolymer based on the weight of the total composition. Alternatively, theeffective amount may be determined based on the ratio of the benzonatateadsorbate to the at least one matrix-forming hydrophilic polymer, whichis in the range of about 8:1 to about 1:1, or about 7:1 to about 5:1, orabout 6:1. In still another alternative, the effective amount of thematrix-forming wax may be determined based on the ratio ofbenzonatate-ion exchange resin complex to matrix-forming wax, which isin the range of about 5:1 to about 2:1, or about 3:1. These benzonatatemodified release components are described in more detail in thisspecification.

In still a further embodiment, a benzonatate composition may contain acombination of at least one modified release hydrophobic wax or wax-likesubstance and at least one hydrophilic modified release hydrophilicpolymer. In such an embodiment, the combined total of hydrophobic wax orwaxy-like substance and extended release matrix forming hydrophilicpolymers is in the amount of about 4% w/w to 60% w/w, about 4% w/w toabout 20% w/w, or about 4% w/w to about 10% w/w of the at least one waxbased on the weight of the total composition. Alternatively, theeffective amount may be determined based on the ratio of the benzonatateadsorbate to the at least hydrophobic or hydrophilic matrix formingpolymer, which is in the range of about 8:1 to about 1:1, or about 4:1to about 3:1.

The words “comprise”, “comprises”, and “comprising” are to beinterpreted inclusively rather than exclusively. The works “consist”,“consisting”, and its variants, are to be interpreted exclusively,rather than inclusively.

As used herein in reference to numeric values provided herein, the term“about” may indicate a variability of as much as 10%.

Benzonatate Adsorbate

A modified release benzonatate composition is provided which containssolid dispersion comprising a benzonatate adsorbate in a matrix.Advantageously, by adsorbing the oily liquid benzonatate to an absorbentmaterial such as described herein, the benzonatate becomes a powdercomposition, which reduces the risk associated with oropharyngeal sideeffects associated with buccal release of liquid benzonatate.

As used herein, the term “adsorbent” refers to a substance or carriercapable of attaching liquid benzonatate into a dry, non-adherent,free-flowing compressible powder. A powder is free flowing if it meetsthe processing characteristics such that in the process of makingtablets the resulting tablet weights are uniform. Further, a powder isconsidered compressible if the resulting tablet with the hardness thatcan sustain <1% friability using USP test method.

Suitable adsorbents for the benzonatate are those with a relatively highadsorbency (loading) capacity for benzonatate and may be selected fromcalcium silicate (e.g., available as ZeoPharm® 600), silica, includingprecipitated amorphous silica (available as RxCipient GL100), andsilicon dioxide (available as ZeoFree Plus 5193® 600). While loweramounts may be utilized, these adsorbents are capable of adsorbing asmuch as about 55%, or as much as about 60%, about 65% w/w, or up toabout 70% w/w benzonatate. Other adsorbents may be selected from among,e.g., tricalcium phosphate (available as “Tri-tab” or tri-calciumphosphate DC) and bentonite (available as Bentonite Albagel Premium NF).These adsorbents generally have a maximum loading capacity in the rangeof about 30% w/w to about 40% w/w. However, it has been observed thatwhen the tri-calcium phosphate is available or milled to a smallerparticle size, its adsorbent (loading) capacity increases from arelative low capacity of about 20% w/w to about 25% w/w to anintermediate loading capacity of about 35% w/w to about 40% w/w. Thus,it is believed that milling the adsorbents with a low, or even anintermediate, loading capacity to a smaller particle size will increaseadsorbency for benzonatate.

For example, the adsorbent materials have an average particle size ofabout 1 μm to about 500 μm. However, at the extreme low end of thisrange, the particles may exhibit greater lubricant properties and at theextreme upper end of this range, the larger particles may actually havelower surface area and thus lower loading capacities. Thus, particlesare more typically selected from average particle size may be about 5 μmto about 200 μm, or about 10 μm to about 50 μm. However, particles inthe range of up to about 325 microns, or up to about 420 microns may beused.

Calcium silicate, characterized by the formula Ca₂SiO₄, is particularlywell suited for the compositions described herein because of itsrelatively high loading capacity and its ease of use during processing.Both the silicas and silicon dioxide tend to have flow propertiessimilar to a lubricant, which may be detrimental during compression intoa tablet and is a property not characteristic of calcium silicate.However, one or more of these components may be blended and that blendused as the adsorbent material. In one embodiment, magnesium or anotheralkali earth aluminometasilicate may be used alone or in combinationwith another of the adsorbents described herein. In another embodiment,aluminometasilicates are excluded from the compositions provided herein.

Examples of other adsorbates include, e.g., magnesiumaluminometasilicate and dibasic calcium phosphate. Still otheradsorbents include, e.g., microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium oxide,maltodextrins, bentonite, clay, celluloses, silicon dioxide, colloidalsilicon dioxide, precipitated amorphous silica, kaolin, polyethyleneglycol, talc, magnesium trisilicate, mono- or di-Calcium phosphate,tri-calcium phosphate, copovidone, montmorillonite, saponite, magnesiumcarbonate, calcium sulfate, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, sodiumstearate, stearic acid, Gelucire 44/14, Gelucire 50/13, Croscarmellosesodium, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cyclodextrins, gelatin, diatomite(kieselguhr), alginates, metal oxides.

In general, benzonatate is admixed (granulated) with one or moreadsorbent materials as described herein to form a benzonatate adsorbate.For admixing, the benzonatate to adsorbent ratio is generally a ratio ofabout 5:1 to about 1:10, or about 4:1 to about 1:1, or about 3:1 toabout 2:1, or about 2:1 to about 1:1. The benzonatate adsorbate may beprepared separately from formation of the matrix with the modifiedrelease, matrix forming hydrophobic or hydrophilic substance, or theadsorbate may be formed substantially simultaneously. For example, theliquid benzonatate may be admixed with water and the adsorbate material.Alternatively, benzonatate and the adsorbent material may be mixedtogether with at least one of the matrix-forming components. In the caseof a wax, the component(s) is melted for a sufficient time to form thebenzonatate adsorbate matrix. The melt temperature is generally in therange of about 50° C. to about 80° C., or about 55° C. to about 75° C.,but may be lower or higher, taking into consideration the melttemperature of the wax(es) or waxy substance(s).

In order to facilitate production and even distribution of the adsorbatein the matrix, the benzonatate adsorbate powder granules are typicallypassed through a screen of about 10 mesh, which allows granules of lessthan about 2000 m to pass through, or about 25 mesh, which allowsgranules of less than about 710 μm to pass through, about 30 mesh, whichallows granules having an average size of less than about 590 μm to passthrough, or about 40 mesh, which allows granules or particles having anaverage size of less than about 420 μm to pass through.

Where the benzonatate adsorbate is formed separately from the matrix,the benzonatate adsorbate may be admixed with the matrix-formingsubstance prior to adding any tableting excipients or other components(e.g., a pharmaceutically active ingredient in addition to benzonatate).Alternatively, the benzonatate adsorbate and the matrix-formingsubstance, as well as one or more excipients, and/or or an additionalpharmaceutically active component, are combined at substantially thesame time; in such case the matrix further comprises excipients andoptional additional pharmaceutically active component. Still otherproduction techniques may be designed by one of skill in the art in viewof the information provided herein.

In order to facilitate processing, the benzonatate adsorbate-matrixgranules may be passed through a screen of about 10 mesh, which allowsgranules or particles of less than about 2000 μm to pass through, about25 mesh, which allows granules or particles of less than about 710 μm topass through, about 30 mesh, which allows granules or particles havingan average size of less than about 590 μm to pass through, or about 40mesh, which allows granules or particles of about 420 μm to passthrough.

In one embodiment, the benzonatate adsorbate comprises about 10% w/w toabout 80% w/w benzonatate, about 20% w/w to about 70% w/w, about 50% w/wto about 70% w/w, about 50%, or about 25% to about 30% w/w benzonatateadsorbate (e.g., calcium silicate). In one example, the matrixcomprising the benzonatate adsorbate comprises glyceryl behenate,wherein the ratio of benzonatate adsorbate to hydrophobic wax or waxysubstance, hydrophobic polymer, or combinations thereof, are about 6:1to about 2:1 or about 5:1 to about 4:1. Wherein the hydrophobic wax isglyceryl behenate, the ratio of benzonatate adsorbate to glycerylbehenate is about 6:1 to about 2:1, about 5:1 to about 4:1, or about3.7:1 to about 3.4:1, based on weight in the composition. In anotherexample, the matrix comprising the benzonatate-calcium silicateadsorbate comprises a combination of cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol.The ratio of cetyl alcohol to stearyl alcohol can be about 2:1 to about1:2, or about 1.5:1 to about 1:1. When measured on the basis of thebenzonatate alone, the weight ratio of benzonatate to the combinedweight of cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol is about 5:1 to about 3:1.In one embodiment, the matrix comprises about 30% w/w benzonatate, about3.5 to about 3.75% cetyl alcohol and about 4.25% to about 4.6% stearylalcohol. In another embodiment, the matrix comprises thebenzonatate-silicate adsorbate comprises cetyl alcohol, which is a fattyalcohol with the formula CH₃(CH₂)₁₅OH, also known as 1-Hexadecanol orpalmityl alcohol. Pharmaceutical grade cetyl alcohol can be purchased,e.g., from Loba Chemie or Sigma Aldrich. In still another embodiment,the composition comprises a hydrophilic polymer and the ratio ofbenzonatate adsorbate to HPMC, HPC, or blends thereof, is about 2 partsby weight benzonatate adsorbate to about 0.5 to about 1 part by weighthydrophilic polymer(s), or about 0.7 to about 0.75 parts by weight HPMC(or HPC or blends thereof). In still a further embodiment, thecomposition comprising the benzonatate adsorbate comprises thehydrophilic polymer HPMC (or HPC or blends thereof), wherein the ratioof benzonatate adsorbate to HPMC (or HPC or blends thereof) is about 1parts by weight benzonatate adsorbate to about 0.5 to about 1 part byweight HPMC (or HPC or blends thereof), or about 0.7 to about 0.75 partsby weight HPMC (or HPC or blends thereof). In yet another embodiment,the composition comprises a blend of hydrophobic wax/waxy likesubstances and hydrophilic polymers.

As described herein, a composition is a compressed tablet or a capsulecomposition. Such a composition may contain one or more excipients suchas are described herein. In addition, a composition may further compriseone or more pharmaceutically active components in addition to thebenzonatate. Such components are described in more detail elsewhereherein.

In one embodiment, a benzonatate tablet or powder composition as definedherein is characterized by having a pharmacokinetic profile as follows:a Cmax (arithmetic mean) of about 30 ng/mL to about 35 ng/mL, or about33-33 ng/mL; a Cmax (geometric mean) of about 28 ng/mL to about 32ng/mL, or about 30 ng/mL; an AUCinf (arithmetic mean) of about 180 toabout 185 ng-h/mL, or about 182 ng-h/mL; an AUC inf (geometric mean) ofabout 145 ng-h/mL to about 155 ng-h/mL, or about 150 ng-h/mL; and Tmaxof about 10 to about 15 hours, or about 12 hours, based on an equivalentof a single dose of about 300 mg benzonatate administered at 12 hourintervals (twice) in a 24 hour period (total daily dose about 600 mgbenzonatate).

In another embodiment, a benzonatate tablet or powder composition asdefined herein is characterized by having an in vitro profile asfollows: At 0.5 hour, % release is about 15 to about 17% release, orabout 16% release, at 1 hour, percent release is about 25 to about 28%release, or about 27% release, at 2 hours, percent release is about 42to about 46% release, or about 44% release, at 3 hours, percent releaseis about 56 to about 65% release, or about 61% release, at 4 hours,percent release is about 75 to about 87% release, or about 82% release,at 6 hours, percent release is about 92 to about 99%, or about 97%, at 8hours, percent benzonatate release is about 97 to about 99%, or about99%, and at 12 hours, benzonatate release is about 98 to about 100%release, or about 100% release.

In still another embodiment, a 12-hour anti-tussive modified releasesolid composition comprising benzonatate provides a pharmacokineticprofile for benzonatate in which its geometric mean maximum plasmaconcentration which has an area under the curve (AUC)inf of about 110 toabout 170 ng-h/mL, a Cmax of about 15 to about 25 ng/mL and a Tmax ofabout 12 to 20 hours, following a daily oral administration (2×/day) ofa single dose equivalent to 300 mg benzonatate in adults (totalequivalent to 600 mg/day). In another embodiment, a modified releasebenzonatate composition provides an in vitro release, wherein there isno more than about 50% release of the benzonatate within 1 hour, no morethan about 50% to about 80% release within 6 hours, and no less thanabout 80% release at 12 hours, as determined in an in vitro dissolutionassay and substantially no benzonatate release from the composition inthe buccal cavity or esophagus. In another example, a benzonatatecomposition as described herein provides an in vitro release, whereinthere is no more than about 40% release of the benzonatate within 1hour, no more than about 50% to about 70% release within 6 hours, and noless than about 85% release at 12 hours, as determined in an in vitrodissolution assay and substantially no benzonatate release from thecomposition in the buccal cavity or esophagus. In still a furtherembodiment, a benzonatate composition provides an in vitro release,wherein there is no more than about 25% release of the benzonatatewithin 1 hour, not more than about 80% release within 6 hours, and notless than about 85% release at 12 hours, as determined in an in vitrodissolution assay and substantially no benzonatate release from thecomposition in the buccal cavity or esophagus. In still a furtherembodiment, this composition provides an in vitro release, wherein thereis no more than about 15% to 20% release of the benzonatate within about1 hour, no more than about 45 to 80% release within 6 hours, and notless than about 85% to about 99% release, as determined in an in vitrodissolution assay and substantially no benzonatate release from thecomposition in the buccal cavity or esophagus.

In one embodiment, this in vitro dissolution profile is that of thereverse enteric coated tablet comprising a benzonatate adsorbate. Thismay be assessed using the App (II) Paddle about 50 rpm, in a dissolutionmedia of about 500 mL 0.1 N HCl for about 1 hour, which is then adjustedto a pH of about 6.8 with a phosphate buffer, at a temperature of 37° C.

Benzonatate-Weak Acidic Cation Exchange Resin Complex

Although subject to a lower benzonatate loading capacity than theadsorbent materials described herein, the compositions described hereinencompass a 12-hour anti-tussive modified release solid tablet orcapsule which comprises a benzonatate-weak acidic ion exchange resin ina matrix with an effective amount of one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable modified release pH-independent, high melt temperature,water-insoluble wax or waxy substances to provide a 12-hour modifiedrelease profile to the benzonatate.

Ion-exchange resins suitable for use in the compositions describedherein are water-insoluble and comprise a preferably pharmacologicallyinert organic and/or inorganic matrix containing functional groups thatare ionic or capable of being ionized under the appropriate conditionsof pH. The organic matrix may be synthetic (e.g., polymers or copolymersof acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, sulfonated styrene, sulfonateddivinylbenzene), or partially synthetic (e.g. modified cellulose anddextrans). The inorganic matrix preferably comprises silica gel modifiedby the addition of ionic groups. Covalently bound ionic groups may bestrongly acidic (e.g., sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid), weak acidic(e.g., carboxylic acid), strongly basic (e.g., primary amine), weakbasic (e.g. quaternary ammonium), or a combination of acidic and basicgroups. Typically the size of the ion-exchange particles is from about 1micron to about 900 microns, in another embodiment, about 5 microns to750 microns, and in yet another embodiment, the particle size is withinthe range of about 40 microns to about 250 microns for liquid dosageforms although particles up to about 1,000 micron can be used for soliddosage forms, e.g., tablets and capsules. Resins are generally purchasedwith a size ranging from about 25 microns to about 400 microns. However,other sizes may be selected, or larger sized particles may be milled toprovide smaller particle sizes.

Cationic exchange resins vary in strength, i.e., in their ability toexchange cations. A weak acidic ion exchange resin is well suited toprepare a benzonatate-ion exchange resin complex. An acid dissociationconstant, pKa, (also known as acidity constant, or acid-ionizationconstant) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid insolution. The larger the value of pKa, the smaller the extent ofdissociation. A strong acid such as SO₃H pKa is approximately 0. A weakacid such COOH has pKa in the range of about 4 to about 7. Amberlite®IRP64 is thought to have pKa value of greater than 4 and is a weak acidresin (exchanging the H atom of the carboxylic acid (COOH) group).Amberlite® IRP64 (a methacrylic acid and divinylbenzene co-polymerpolyacrilex resin, Rohm and Haas, with a particle size ranging from 100to 400 mesh (equiv to 35 microns to 150 microns, ASTM standard size),capacity ˜10 meq/g by dry weight). Another weak cationic exchange resinmay be selected, e.g., Amberlite® IRP88 [Rohm and Haas, a crosslinkedco-polymer of methacrylic acid and divinylbenzene)], a weak acidic(potassium ion) cation exchange resin with 4% cross-linked methacrylate(100 to 500 mesh, equiv to about 150 microns to about 27 microns, ASTMstandard). Either regularly or irregularly shaped particles may be usedas cation exchange resins as described herein. Regularly shapedparticles are those particles that substantially conform to geometricshapes such as spherical, elliptical, cylindrical and the like.Irregularly shaped particles are all particles not considered to beregularly shaped, such as particles with amorphous shapes and particleswith increased surface areas due to surface channels or distortions.

Benzonatate may be complexed to the weak cation exchange resin using themethods described herein and those known in the art for loading orcomplexing other drugs to ion exchange resins. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.8,062,667 and 8,337,890, which are incorporated by reference herein.Briefly, the benzonatate may be admixed with water prior to combiningwith the ion exchange resin or the ion exchange resin may be admixedwith water separately or at the same time as being combined with thebenzonatate in order to facilitate reaction and granulation. Thebenzonatate and weak cation exchange resin are admixed for a sufficienttime in order to allow a benzonatate-weak acidic cation exchange resincomplex to form. Typically, the benzonatate-weak acidic cation exchangeresin complex is dried to a moisture content of less than about 10%,less than about 5%, or less than about 3%. The dried complex may bepassed through a screen of a size no larger than about 40 mesh so thatthe complex particle size is less than about 420 microns. Suitably, thebenzonatate-weak acid cation exchange resin complex is then admixed withthe matrix-forming wax or waxy substance for a sufficient time toprepare a substantially homogenous solid dispersion. There optionallymay be one or more excipients or pharmaceutical active ingredients inaddition to the benzonatate included in the admixing stage and thus, inthe matrix formed. The matrix-forming step and preparation of the finaloral dosages unit may be performed using the same conditions asdescribed for the benzonatate adsorbate.

In another embodiment, a benzonatate tablet or powder composition asdefined herein is characterized by having an in vitro profile asfollows: At 0.5 hr, % release is about 15 to about 17% release, or about16% release, at 1 hour, percent release is about 25 to about 28%release, or about 27% release, at 2 hours, percent release is about 42to about 46% release, or about 44% release, at 3 hours, percent releaseis about 56 to about 65% release, or about 61% release, at 4 hours,percent release is about 75 to about 87% release, or about 82% release,at 6 hours, percent release is about 92 to about 99%, or about 97%, at 8hours, percent benzonatate release is about 97 to about 99%, or about99%, and at 12 hours, benzonatate release is about 98 to about 100%release, or about 100% release. In one embodiment, this in vitrodissolution profile is a benzonatate-cation exchange resin complex in amatrix as defined herein.

Finished Compositions Dosage Forms

A benzonatate composition as described herein may be a compressedtablet, which may be coated or optionally coated, or a capsulecomposition. Compressed tablets may be mini-tabs which are loaded intocapsule shells or designed to be of a size for direct administration toa patient. Suitably, the solid compositions described herein areprepared as single uniform solid dispersion and are swallowed whole.

In addition to the compositions described herein where benzonatate isthe single active ingredient, benzonatate composition may furthercomprise one or more pharmaceutically active components. Each of theseadditional active drugs may be independently in immediate release,modified release form, or both.

As previously described herein, a modified release benzonatate providestherapeutically effective benzonatate plasma levels over a period inexcess of the immediate release benzonatate profile; which immediaterelease provides benzonatate for about 6 to 8 hours. Thus, a modifiedrelease composition provides an effective amount of benzonatate for atleast about 10 hours to about 12 hours, up to about 24 hours. As usedherein in connection with other pharmaceutically active drugs which maybe combined with the benzonatate, the term “modified release” refers tocompositions which provide effective amounts at least one of the activecomponents (other than benzonatate) over a period of at least about 8hours, and preferably up to about 24 hours. For a 24 hour releaseproduct, in one aspect, less than 50% of an active component is releasedat about 12 hours from administration. In another aspect, less than 60%of an active component is released at about 12 hours fromadministration. In still another aspect, less than 70% of an activecomponent is released at about 12 hours. In still other embodiments,less than about 80% or more of an active component is released at about12 hours. The term “modified release” may include, e.g., compositionswhich are extended release formulations, sustained release formulations,or delayed release formulations. The release profile may be assessedusing in vitro dissolution assays known to those of skill in the art[e.g., USP basket method or Paddle Method, or channel flow method]. Therelease profile may be assessed in vivo (e.g., for bioavailabilitydeterminations), using plasma concentrations to assess maximumconcentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC). Such assays arewell known to those of skill in the art.

By “immediate release”, it is meant that the formulation containing thetherapeutically active agent(s) meets the disintegration and/ordissolution requirements for immediate release of the particulartherapeutically active agent(s), as set forth in the USP XXII, 1990 (TheUnited States Pharmacopeia). Generally, the term “immediate release” isthe release of an active ingredient from a pharmaceutical formulationwhere the rate of release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient fromthe pharmaceutical formulation is not retarded by means of a controlledrelease matrix or other such means and where the components of thepharmaceutical formulation are designed such that, upon ingestion,maximum exposure of said active pharmaceutical ingredient to bodytissues occurs in the minimum period of time. In one embodiment fordrugs other than benzonatate, immediate release provides for at leastabout 85% of the drug to be released in less than about one hourfollowing administration to a patient and about 90% of the immediaterelease drug to be released in about 2 hours following administration toa patient. For example, a drug may release in about 10 minutes to about45 minutes, or about 30 minutes. In another example, at least about 85%,at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or more, may be released withinabout 2 hours following administration to a patient.

Optionally, a benzonatate composition may contain an “immediate releasebenzonatate component”. In one embodiment, a benzonatate composition asprovided herein contains an immediate release benzonatate component inaddition to the modified release benzonatate component. In oneembodiment, the immediate release benzonatate is a benzonatate adsorbateor benzonatate-ion exchange resin complex which does not releasebenzonatate in the buccal cavity or esophagus, but releases immediatelyin the stomach and intestine. Such an immediate release benzonatateadsorbate or benzonatate-ion exchange resin complex may lack ahydrophilic or hydrophobic matrix forming material and further lacks anymodified release and/or any reverse enteric coating layer. Suitably,such a composition contains about 5:1 to about 2.5:1 modified release toimmediate release benzonatate component. In another embodiment, abenzonatate composition may contain a different pharmaceutically activecomponent in immediate release form.

In order to combine an immediate release component into a benzonatatecomposition provided herein, the immediate release component could beapplied as a separate layer in a bilayer tablet, e.g., homogenousdispersion comprising the benzonatate adsorbate-matrix forms a core anda top layer is an immediate release. Alternatively, the benzonatateadsorbate-matrix granules are admixed with an immediate releasecomponent and filled into a capsule. Still other methods of achievingthis immediate release will be apparent to one of skill in the art giventhe guidance provided herein. Optionally, one or more additional activeingredients is admixed into the matrix and forms part of the homogenousdispersion formed with the benzonatate component and the matrix-formingwax. Alternatively, the one or more additional active ingredients isblended with the already formed benzonatate adsorbate-matrix orbenzonatate-ion exchange resin complex-matrix and formed into thetablet. Still other methods of combining these additional activecomponents into the tablet or capsule may be selected by one of skill inthe art.

Particularly suitable classes of pharmaceutically active drugs forcombination with the benzonatate include an anti-pyretic, an analgesic,an anti-histamine, an expectorant and a decongestant. Examples ofsuitable antipyretic analgesics include, e.g., sodium salicylate andsalicylic acid, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), includingibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin, magnesium salicylate, diclofenac,etodolac, indomethacin, nabumetone, sulindac, tolmetin, ketoprofen,mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, meloxicam,celecoxib, parecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, and salts thereof. Examplesof opioid analgesics drugs such as alfentanil, allylprodine,alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine,butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, cyclazocine, desmorphine,dextromoramide, dexozine, diampromide, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine,dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphenylbutyrate,dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene,ethylmorphine, etonitazene fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone,hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone, levallorphan, levorphanol,levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine, meptazinol, metazocine,methadone, metopon, morphine, morphine sulfate, myrophine, nalbuphine,narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadonel, nalorphine,normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxmymorphone, papaveretum,pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenmorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine,piminodine, piritramide, proheptazine, promedol, properidine, propiram,propoxyphene, sufentanil, tramadol, tiline, salts thereof, mixtures ofany of the foregoing, mixed mu-agonists/antagonists, mu-antagonistcombinations. Examples of suitable antihistamines include both sedatingand non-sedating antihistamines, e.g., fexofenadine HCl— ordl-chlorpheniramine maleate, diphenhydramine, loratadine, desloratadine,meclizine, pheniramine, cetirizine, and promethazine. Examples ofantitussive expectorants include, e.g., such as guaifenesin,dihydrocodeine phosphate, codeine phosphate, noscapine hydrochloride,phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, potassium guaiacolsulfonate,cloperastine fendizoate, dextromethorphan hydrobromide and cloperastinehydrochloride. Examples of bronchodilators include, e.g.,dl-methylephedrine hydrochloride and dl-methylephedrine saccharinate.Examples of decongestants include, e.g., pseudoephedrine hydrochloride,phenylephrine bitartrate, and pseudoephedrine sulfate.

One suitable combination includes guaifenesin.

A modified release benzonatate composition as described herein maycontain one or more excipients selected from one or more bulking agents,binders, and lubricants. For example, the bulking agent is selected frommicrocrystalline cellulose and lactose monohydrate. In anotherembodiment, the binder is copovidone. In still another embodiment, thelubricant is selected from silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate.

Typically, a benzonatate composition as provided herein may contain afiller or a mixture of fillers in the range of about 10% w/w to about50% w/w, about 20% w/w to about 40% w/w, or about 30% w/w of the totaltablet or capsule weight. Suitable fillers may include, e.g., mannitol,lactose, maltose, fructose, sucrose, xylitol, maltitol, microcrystallinecellulose, dicalcium phosphate, guargum, xantham gum, tragacanth gum,pre-gelatinized starch, compressible sugar, calcium carbonate, magnesiumcarbonate, calcium sulfate, dextrates, maltodextrin. In one embodiment,a benzonatate tablet contains a blend microcrystalline cellulose lactosemonohydrate.

The binder for a composition as provided herein may be absent (i.e.,0%), or optionally, present in an amount of about 1% w/w to about 15%w/w of the total tablet weight. Examples of suitable binders includepolyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose,polyvinyl alcohol, starch, acacia, alginic acid, sodium alginate.

Optionally, a colorant may be provided to the tablet to provide adesired visual appeal or trade dress. Such colorants may be added in therange of about 0.001% w/w to about 1% w/w, or about 0.01% w/w to about0.08% w/w or about 0.05% w/w, based on the total weight of the tablet(exclusive of any non-functional coating). Such colorants are availablefrom a variety of commercial sources including, e.g., Colorcon, Noveon,and Spectra.

In order to facilitate production of a benzonatate composition asprovided herein, excipients such as lubricants and glidants may beutilized. A lubricant may be utilized in an amount of about 0.1% w/w toabout 5% w/w, about 0.2% w/w to about 4.5% w/w, or about 1.5% w/w toabout 3% w/w of the total weight of the tablet. Examples of lubricantsmay include, e.g., talc, magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate,stearic acid, zinc stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium trisilicate,polyethylene glycol, and blends thereof. Examples of suitable glidantsinclude, e.g., silicon dioxide and tribasic calcium phosphate. In oneembodiment, the glidant is silicon dioxide which is used in an amount ofabout 0.001% w/w to about 0.1% w/w or about 0.05% w/w.

Optionally, other excipients may be selected from conventionalpharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients and well establishedtechniques. Without being limited thereto, such conventional carriers orexcipients include diluents, binders and adhesives (i.e., cellulosederivatives and acrylic derivatives), lubricants (e.g., magnesium orcalcium stearate, or vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols, talc, sodiumlauryl sulfate, polyoxy ethylene monostearate), thickeners,solubilizers, humectants, disintegrants, colorants, flavorings,stabilizing agents, sweeteners, and miscellaneous materials such asbuffers and adsorbents in order to prepare a particular pharmaceuticalcomposition. The stabilizing agents may include preservatives andanti-oxidants, amongst other components which will be readily apparentto one of ordinary skill in the art.

The solid benzonatate compositions described herein may contain one ofthe following combination of components in its core. The componentslisted with an * are optional excipients. * Components are optional.Values are given in the following tables.

Broad Range Narrower Range Component w/w w/w Range of benzonatate tosilicate 50-70 wt % benzonatate 55-65% wt % in adsorbate based on totaladsorbate benzonatate based on weight total adsorbate weight Benzonatateadsorbate 20-40 wt % (based on 25-35% (based on total total weight ofadsorbate weight of adsorbate in in total tablet prior to total tabletprior to optional reverse enteric coating) optional reverse entericcoating) Modified Release Matrix-forming 5-40% (based on total  5-20%Substance: (a) Hydrophobic weight in tablet prior to Wax/Waxy Substance, (b) optional reverse enteric Hydrophilic Polymer, or coating)Combinations *Filler(s)/bulking agent(s) 10%-50% 15%-40%Microcrystalline cellulose 5-20% (12%-16%) Lactose monohydrate 5-35%*Binder(s)  1%-15%  3%-10% *Lubricant(s) 0.1%-2%   0.6%-1%   Silicondioxide 0.5%-2%   0.7%-1.5% Magnesium stearate 0.1%-1%   0.3%-0.8%*Colorant 0.01%-0.5%  0.02%-0.08%

In another illustrative example, a benzonatate composition as providedherein has the following components:

Broad Range Component w/w Narrower Range B. Benzonatate-weak acidic ion  25%-100%   30%-60% exchange resin complex in matrix with modifiedrelease wax or hydrophilic polymer C. Coated benzonatate-ion   25%-1020%  30%-60% exchange resin complex-(optional) matrix (solvent-basedethylcellulose coating over matrix) *Filler(s)/bulking agent(s)  10%-50%   15%-40% Microcrystalline cellulose 5%-15% Lactosemonohydrate 5%-35% *Binder(s)   1%-15%   3%-10% *Lubricant(s)  0.1%-2% 0.6%-1% Silicon dioxide  0.5%-1.6%  0.7%-1% Magnesium stearate  0.1%-1% 0.3%-0.8% *Colorant 0.01%-0.5% 0.02%-0.08%

In one embodiment, the tablet has a hardness of about 5 kilopond (kp) toabout 25 kp, about 8 to about 20 kp, or 10 to about 16 kp. One (1)kilopond is one kilogram of force (kgf). Newtons (N) are the SI unit offorce and the SI standard for tablet hardness testing. 1 kilopond (kp)is equal to 9.80665 Newtons (N). Presented in Newton rounded to thenearest five, the tablet has a hardness of about 45 N to about 245 N,about 75 N to about 200 N, or about 95 N to about 160 N. Optionally, thehardness may be dose proportional, with lower doses having lowerhardness levels. For example, a 20 mg tablet may have a hardness in therange of about 10 to about 12 kp (about 98 N to about 118 N), a 30 mgtablet may have a hardness in the range of about 12 to about 14 kp(about 118 N to about 137 N), and a 40 mg tablet may have a hardness inthe range of about 14 kp to about 16 kp (about 137 N to about 156 N). Inone embodiment, the hardness is determined following compression andprior to application of any color or other non-functional tablet coatingas defined herein. In one embodiment, the tablets meet the USPFriability requirement. In one embodiment, the friability of both theintact tablet and the tablet portions are less than about 1. See, e.g.,USP35, General Information/(1216) Tablet Friability, p. 867-868, USPharmacopoeia (Dec. 1, 2012).

A functional coating such a reverse enteric coating may be applied to atablet as described herein. The tablet may be loaded into a capsulealone, or manufactured as mini-tablets which are loaded into a capsuleshell. Alternatively, the power may be loaded into a capsule whichcapsule shell is provided with the reverse enteric coating. In contrastto an enteric coating which is designed to avoid dissolution in theacidic pH of the stomach, a reverse enteric coating is designed tosolubilize or swell in the presence of low acid environments (e.g., lessthan about pH4, or less than about pH 3.5, or less than about pH 3). Areverse enteric coating is pH-dependent and designed not to solubilizeor swell in pH greater than about pH 4, or greater than about 4.5. Onesuitable reverse enteric polymer is an acrylate polymer or copolymer.Particularly suitable reverse enteric coats include those polymers whichcan be applied as aqueous dispersions. One suitable aqueous dispersionis based on methyl methacrylate and diethylaminoethyl methacrylatecopolymer. One example of such a reverse enteric coat is Kollicoat®Smartseal 30D, which is an aqueous polymeric dispersion with a solidsconcentration of approximately 30%. It contains methyl methacrylate anddiethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer stabilized with approximately0.6% macrogol cetostearyl ether and 0.8% sodium lauryl sulfate. Stillother reverse enteric polymers include, e.g., Eudragit® E 100 (Evonik),Eudragit® EPO (Evonik), methyl methacrylate, hydroxyl ethyl methacrylateand a random terpolymer based on methyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxy ethylmethacrylate and 4-vinylpyridine. The EUDRAGIT® EPO is Poly(butylmethacrylate-co-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate-co-methylmethacrylate) 1:2:1 (CAS number: 24938-16-7), i.e., a cationic copolymerbased on dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate and methylmethacrylate. The commercial Eudragit® EPO Ready Mix consists of basicbutylated methacrylate copolymer, sodium lauryl sulphate, stearic acidand talc. However, other surfactants, including other anionicsurfactants, may be substituted for sodium lauryl sulfate in otherformulations. Examples of suitable surfactants other than the anionicsurfactant sodium lauryl sulfate are known to the skilled artisan.Similarly, lubricants other than stearic acid and glidants other thantalc are known in the art and may be selected. Still other reverseenteric polymers are described, and may be made, as described, e.g., US2006/062844 (2006); US 2005/0136114, U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,347, thedisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Weightpercentages of these coatings, when present, are provided as weightadded, in an amount of about 5% to about 60%, or about 5% to about 20%,or about 8 to about 12% weight added to the finished tablet or capsule.

As used herein, a “non-functional coating” refers to a coating whichcontributes no detectable modified release functions. The non-functionalcoating may be a polymer may serve as a moisture barrier to preserve theintegrity of the tablet during storage or to facilitate application of acolor coating layer. Additionally or alternatively, the non-functionalcoating may provide a color coating layer or improve the “smoothness” ormouth feel of the tablet. In one embodiment, the non-functional coatingmay increase the hardness of the tablet. Weight percentages of thesenon-functional coatings, where present, are provided as weight added, inan amount of about 1% to about 20%, or about 2% to about 10%, or about3% to about 5% weight added to the finished tablet.

In one embodiment, a 12-hour benzonatate composition as provided hereinis characterized by having an in vitro dissolution, wherein no more thanabout 20% is released within 30 minutes, no more than about 25% isreleased within about 1 hour, no more than about 45% is release within 3hours, no more than about 70% is released within 6 hours, and no morethan about 95% is released within 12 hours. In another embodiment, about15% is released within about 30 minutes, about 20% is released within 1hour, about 41% is released within about 3 hours, about 64% is releasedwithin about 6 hours, and about 90% is released within about 12 hours.Percent release at the different times may be assessed using thefollowing dissolution parameters: App (II) Paddle, 50 rpm, Media: 0.05 MSodium Phosphate, pH 6.8 (900 mL), Temp 37° C., or another suitableassay. See, e.g., Example 5.

In another embodiment, rather than being compressed into a tablet, thebenzonatate modified release powder can be loaded into a soft or hardshell capsule. Suitable soft shell capsules include standard two piecegelatin capsules which typically range from about 10 to about 88 mm whenfitted together (locked). Hard shell capsules may be in the same sizerange. While capsules may have increased risk of disuse, such capsulesfacilitate the combination of an additional pharmaceutically activeingredient which is in immediate release form or in a modified form butwhich is not within the solid dispersion of the waxy matrix. One ofskill in the art can readily prepare these capsules given the guidanceprovided herein, in view of that which is known to those of skill in theart.

Coated Benzonatate Tablets

Optionally, a benzonatate tablet or capsule as described hereincomprises a benzonatate-weak cation exchange resin complex which iscoated with a sufficient amount of a non-aqueous, solvent-basedethycellulose pH-independent, water-insoluble, water-permeable, barriercoating to provide the 12-hour release profile which avoids the releaseof any deleterious amount of benzonatate in the buccal cavity and whichis characterized by less than about 35% of the benzonatate is releasedin 45 minutes in the USP standard in vitro dissolution media and lessthan about 60% of the benzonatate is released within about one hour, asdetermined using an in vitro dissolution paddle test described herein.

The benzonatate-weak cation exchange resin complex is prepared asdescribed above. Optionally, following complexation, all or a portion ofthe resulting complex may be granulated with a suitable impregnatingagent to reduce swelling prior to coating with a solvent-basedethylcellulose coating. This impregnating (solvating) agent is ahydrophilic (water soluble) agent exemplified by those materialsdescribed for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,221,778 and published US Patentapplication Publication No. US 2003/009971 A1, the disclosures of whichare incorporated herein by reference. Specific examples of suitableimpregnating agents include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol,polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (e.g., KOLLIDON™ K30) mannitol,methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and sorbitol. Typically, such impregnating agents are used ata weight ratio of about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % impregnating agent tobenzonatate-weak cation exchange resin. Optionally, the resultinggranules are passed through a 40 mesh screen to provide particles of nomore than about 420 microns. These granules are then coated with asolvent-based ethylcellulose coating. In one embodiment, about 5% w/w toabout 20% w/w of a suitable plasticizer is added to the ethylcellulosecoating.

In one embodiment, the non-aqueous solvent-based ethylcellulose [such asin commercially available as the line of ETHOCEL™ products by Dow] isused. Dow's web site describes three of these products, Std 7 (viscosityof 6-8 mPa-s (CP); Std 10 (9-11 mPa-s (CP); Std 20 (18-22 mPa-S), eachof which has a 48.0-49.5% ethoxyl content) as being useful for tabletcoating. Further, optionally combining one of these polymers incombination with a water-soluble active and/or water-soluble excipientsuch as a METHOCEL™ cellulose ether and/or CARBOWAX™ polyethyleneglycols is further described. Optionally, such a coating may be modifiedin order to achieve the preferred release profile characteristicsdefined herein, e.g., by addition of a sufficient amount of plasticizerto improve flexibility and/or by curing to a sufficient temperature toachieve the desired release rate.

A coating as described herein may be applied using techniques describedby the polymer manufacturer and/or techniques which are known to thoseof skill in the art. Suitable methods and apparatus have been describedin the patent and non-patent literature and include, e.g., spraying in afluid bed processor. Spraying the coating solution in a fluid bedprocessor (e.g., VECTOR™ FLM-1 fluid bed processor) using Wursterprocess. The coated complex can then be dried. The dried, optionallycured, coated benzonatate-weak acid cation exchange resincomplex-optional matrix may be passed through a suitable screen in orderto ensure that the particle size is in the desired range, e.g., capableof passing through a standard 40 mesh screen. In one embodiment, thedried, optionally cured, coated ion exchange resin complex matrixgranules have a mean particle size in the range of about 100 microns toabout 450 microns, or about 150 to about 300 microns.

This ethylcellulose-coated benzonatate-ion exchange resin complex may becompressed into a tablet or filled into a capsule as described herein.Optionally, these compositions may be prepared using excipients andmethods described above.

Method of Treating Cough and Cold Symptoms

In one aspect, the compositions described herein are useful insuppressing coughs for at least about 12 hours following administrationof a single oral dose of a benzonatate modified release solid oraltablet or capsule composition as described herein. The compositionsprovides convenience for patients with cough symptoms, as presentlyavailable immediate release compositions are 8-hour products. Further,since the compositions provide the modified release benzonatate intablet or powder form, these compositions reduce the risk of majororopharyngeal anesthesia side effects resulting from accidental chewingor crushing associated with the softgel forms of benzonatate.

In one embodiment, the patient receives a single 12-hour dose containingabout 100 to about 200 mg benzonatate in a solid oral composition asprovided herein. A 12-hour anti-tussive modified release solid oraltablet or capsule composition as described herein provides benzonatatein a matrix, optionally with a reverse enteric coat. The matrix is ahomogenous solid dispersion comprising a benzonatate component in amatrix formed with a hydrophilic polymer forming a modified releasematrix or hydrophobic wax or waxy-like substance. In one embodiment, thebenzonatate component is an adsorbate comprising a benzonatate and oneor more adsorbent (e.g., a nonmetallic based silica or silicate). Inanother embodiment, the benzonatate component is a benzonatate-weakacidic ion exchange resin complex. The matrix forming polymer may be atleast one pharmaceutically acceptable modified release pH-independent,high melt temperature, matrix-forming water-insoluble wax or waxysubstance in an amount effective to provide a 12-hour modified releaseprofile to the benzonatate. Additionally, or alternatively, the matrixforming polymer is a pH, independent, hydrophilic polymer as definedpreviously in this specification. Suitably, there is substantially nobenzonatate release from the composition in the buccal cavity oresophagus and no more than about 55%, no more than about 45%, no morethan about 30%, or no more than about 25%, or no more than about 20% ofthe benzonatate is released within 1 hour following administration.Suitably, this release profile provides for most of the benzonatate tobe released outside of the buccal cavity or esophagus with releasebeginning in the stomach.

The following examples are provided to more specifically illustrate thecompositions of the present invention and not intended to be limiting.They are for illustrative purposes only and it is realized that changesand variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scopeof the invention.

EXAMPLES

As used in the following examples, the term “intragranular” refers togranulations prepared with Benzonatate and the adsorbate and/or waxand/or hydrophilic polymer. “Extragranular” refers to excipients addedexternally to granulations.

Example 1—Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Calcium Silicate asAdsorbent and Glyceryl Behenate as Modified Release Agent in Matrix

Qty/Tablet Ingredient % w/w (mg) Intra granular Benzonatate 23.1 150.0Glyceryl Behenate (Compritol 888 6.2 40.0 ATO) Calcium Silicate(Zeopharm 600) 11.1 72.0 Extra granular Lactose monohydrate (Flowlac100) 8.9 58.0 Tri calcium phosphate (Tri-tab) 33.8 220.0 Copovidone(Kollidon VA64) 3.1 20.0 Glyceryl Behenate (Compritol 888 13.1 85.0 ATO)Silicon dioxide (Syloid) 0.8 5.0 TOTAL 100.0 650.0 Batch Size: ~60tablets

To prepare the benzonatate-glyceryl behenate-calcium silicate adsorbateblend (intra-granular), the glyceryl behenate (6.2% w/w) was melted at75° C. and the benzonatate (23.1% w/w) was slowly incorporated into it.After mixing the above molten Benzonatate-Glyceryl Behenate for 5minutes, 11.1% w/w calcium silicate was added to it and mixed uniformlyat room temperature. The mixture was passed through a 710 micron (#25mesh) screen. This resulting intra-granular benzonatate-glycerolbehenate adsorbate blend was combined with the extra-granular powderblend prepared as follows.

To prepare the extra-granular powder blend, lactose monohydrate (8.9%w/w), tricalcium phosphate (33.8% w/w), copovidone (3.1% w/w), glycerylbehenate (13.1% w/w) were passed through a 600 micron (#30 mesh) screenand mixed with the benzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbate-glycerylbehenate blend for 10 minutes to form a final blend. The silicon dioxidewas passed through a 600 micron (#30 mesh) screen and mixed with theblend for 2 minutes. The final blend comprising the benzonatate-calciumsilicate adsorbate-glycerol behenate-matrix was compressed in a rotarypress with Tooling: 0.2900×0.6320 inches capsule shaped (Hardness: 5kP).

Example 2—Alternate Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Calcium Silicateas Adsorbent and Glyceryl Behenate as Modified Release Agent in Matrix

A. Benzonatate Adsorption with Calcium Silicate (“Benzonatate-CalciumSilicate Adsorbate”)

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Benzonatate 60.0 240.0 Calcium Silicate 40.0160.0 (ZeoPharm ® 600) Total 100.0 400.00

Using the ingredients and amounts in the preceding table, calciumsilicate was mixed at slow speed in a high shear granulator (Impeller:250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm). The liquid benzonatate was added to thismixture at slow speed (Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm) at arate of approximately 7 g/minute. The resulting benzonatate-calciumsilicate adsorbate granules formed were passed through a 425 micronscreen.

The amount of benzonatate in an adsorbate may be determined using asuitable assay. The assay used for the calculations described hereininvolve comparing the chromatographic peak areas relative to thereference standard obtained by injecting 15 μL sample into a HPLC systemequipped with a Cis column maintained at 40° C. and a UV detector set at310 nm. The mobile phase consisted of mobile phase A (65% 0.015MO-Phosphoric: 35% Acetonitrile v/v) and mobile B (30% 0.015MO-Phosphoric Acid: 70% Acetonitrile v/v) where a gradient program shownin the below table was run at a flow rate of 2 mL/min.

Time, Mobile Phase Mobile Phase min A, % B, % 0 100 0 8 100 0 20 35 6521 100 0 30 100 0

B. Step 2: Tablet Preparation:

Qty/Tablet Ingredient % w/w (mg) Intragranular 1 Benzonatate-CalciumSilicate 37.9 246.4 adsorbate (Assay 60.88%)- From Step A 2 LactoseMonohydrate, NF 24.9 162.1 (Flow Lac 100) 3 Microcrystalline Cellulose12.3 80.0 (Ceolus 711) 4 Copovidone (Kollidon VA 64) 10.8 70.0Extragranular 5 Glyceryl Behenate (Compritol 13.1 85.0 888 ATO) 6Silicon Dioxide (Syloid 244) 1.0 6.5 TOTAL 100.0 650.0 Batch Size: 120tablets

The benzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbate from Part A of this example,lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose and copovidone werepassed through 600 micron (#30 mesh) screen and mixed for 10 minutes.The blend was passed through the roller compactor with the followingparameters: Roll Speed: 1 rpm, Screw Speed: 8 rpm, Roll Pressure: 1800psi. The compacted sheets were passed through 850 micron (#20 mesh)screen. The granules were passed through roller compactor again usingthe above parameters. The compacted sheets were sieved through a 850micron screen.

The glyceryl behenate was passed through a 850 micron screen and mixedwith above prepared granules for 10 minutes to form a final blendcomprising the benzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbate-glyceryl behenatematrix. The silicon dioxide was then passed through 600 micron screenand mixed with the above blend for 2 minutes. The blend was compressedwith Tool: 0.2900″×0.6320″ (“K 60” and Plain); Hardness: 8 Kp

In vitro dissolution of the compressed tablet was assessed using thefollowing assay parameters. The Dissolution parameters: App (II) Paddle,50 rpm, 0.05M Sod. Phosphate, pH 6.8 (900 mL), Temp 37° C.):

Time 30 min 1 hr 3 hr 6 hr 12 hr % Release 16 20 41 64 91

Example 3—Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Calcium Silicate asAdsorbent and Combination of Cetyl Alcohol & Stearyl Alcohol as ModifiedRelease Agent in Matrix

Qty/Tablet Ingredient % w/w (mg) Intra granular Benzonatate 30.0 150.0Cetyl Alcohol (Alfol 16 NF) 3.6 18.0 Stearyl Alcohol (Alfol 18 NF) 4.422.0 Extra granular Calcium Silicate (Zeopharm 600) 14.0 70.0Microcrystalline Cellulose PH 102 (Avicel 102) 5.0 25.0 Lactosemonohydrate NF (Flowlac 100) 41.4 207.0 Silicon dioxide (Syloid) 1.0 5.0Magnesium Stearate (Hyqual) 0.6 3.0 TOTAL 100.0 500.0

Cetyl alcohol (3.6% w/w) and Stearyl alcohol (4.4% w/w) were melted at50° C. and benzonatate (30.0% w/w) was slowly incorporated into themelted waxy mixture. The calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose,and lactose monohydrate were granulated with the molten mixture. Theresulting adsorbate-matrix was passed through a 710 micron screen.Following this step, silicon dioxide was passed through a 600 micronscreen and mixed with the above adsorbate-matrix blend for 2 minutes ina beaker. The magnesium stearate was passed through a 600 micron screenand mixed with adsorbate-matrix-silicon dioxide blend for 2 minutes. Thefinal blend was then compressed in a rotary press with Tooling:0.2730×0.5950 inches capsule shaped (Hardness: 5 kp)

Example 4—Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Amberlite IRP64 Resin asAdsorbent and Glyceryl Behenate as Modified Release Agent in Matrix(Direct Compression)

A. Benzonatate-Ion Exchange Resin Complex (Benzonatate Resin)

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Purified water 40.0 266.7 Benzonatate 30.0 200Amberlite ™ IRP64 30.0 200

The Benzonatate and water were mixed to dissolve the liquid benzonatate.The resulting solution was sprayed onto Amberlite™ IRP64 resin withcontinuous mixing in the Key High™ shear granulator to form a uniformmass (impellor speed: 250 rpm; chopper speed: 3200 rpm; spray rate: 30g/min). Benzonatate-ion exchange resin complex granules formed weredried in an oven at 40° C. overnight. The benzonatate-ion exchange resincomplex granules finally were passed through a 425 micron screen.

B. Formulation for Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Benzonatate IonExchange Resin and Glyceryl Behenate

Qty/Tablet Ingredient % w/w (mg) Benzonatate - Ion Exchange ResinComplex 33.5 301.8 from Part A Lactose Monohydrate (Flowlac 100) 30.1271.2 Microcrystalline Cellulose 102 (Avicel PH 102) 11.4 103.0 GlycerylBehenate (Compritol 888 ATO) 13.9 125.0 Copovidone (Kollidon VA64) 10.090.0 Silicon Dioxide (Syloid) 1.0 9.0 TOTAL 100.0 900.0 Batch Size: 60tablets

The benzonatate-ion exchange resin complex from Part A, lactosemonohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, glyceryl behenate andcopovidone were passed through a 710 micron screen and mixed for 10minutes. The silicon dioxide was passed through a 600 micron screen andmixed with the above blend for another 2 minutes to provide thebenzonatate-ion exchange resin complex-matrix. The final blend wascompressed on a rotary tablet press with 0.3310×0.7210 in caplet tool(Hardness: 6-7 kP).

Example 5—Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Magnesium Aluminosilicateas Adsorbent and Glyceryl Behenate as Modified Release Agent in Matrix(Direct Compression)

A. Benzonatate-Magnesium Aluminosilicate Adsorbate

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Purified water 40.0 160.0 Benzonatate 30.0240.0 Magnesium Aluminometasilicate 30.0 160.0 (Neusilin ® UFL2) Total100.0 460.0

Liquid Benzonatate and purified water were mixed to dissolve thebenzonatate. The benzonatate solution was sprayed on to MagnesiumAluminometasilicate with continuous mixing in the Key High™ sheargranulator using the same impeller and chopper speeds as in Example 4 toform a uniform mass. The benzonatate silicate adsorbate granules weredried in fluid bed equipment to moisture content between 1-3%. Theadsorbate granules were passed through a 425 micron screen. The retainedadsorbate granules were passed through the Fitz Mill 3200 rpm knifeusing mesh screens 0033 (840 microns) and 0020 (510 microns). Theadsorbate granules were finally passed through a 425 micron screenagain.

B. Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Benzonatate MagnesiumAluminoSilicate Adsorbate and Glyceryl Behenate

Ingredient % w/w Qty/Tablet (mg) Benzonatate Magnesium 28.7 244.3Aluminosilicate Adsorbate of Part A Lactose monohydrate (Supertab 32.8278.7 11SD) Microcrystalline Cellulose 102 12.1 103.0 (Avicel PH 102)Glyceryl Behenate (Compritol 888 14.7 125.0 ATO) Copovidone (KollidonVA64) 10.6 90.0 Silicon Dioxide (Syloid) 1.1 9.0 TOTAL 100.0 850.0 BatchSize: 60 tabletsAll of the ingredients except silicon dioxide were first passed througha 710 micron screen and mixed for 10 minutes. The silicon dioxide waspassed through a 600 micron screen and mixed with the above blend foranother 2 minutes. The final benzonatate-magnesium aluminosilicateadsorbate-matrix was compressed on a rotary tablet press with0.3600×0.7480 inch oval tool (Hardness: 6-7 kP).

The in vitro dissolution of this tablet was assessed using the followingdissolution parameters: App (II) Paddle, 50 rpm, Media: 0.05 M SodiumPhosphate, pH 6.8 (900 mL), Temp 37° C.

Time (hrs) 30 min 1 3 6 12 % Release 16 23 41 63 91

Example 6—Benzonatate ER Tablets 150 mg Using Benzonatate-Weak AcidicCation Exchange Resin Complex Coated with Non-Aqueous EthylcelluloseBarrier Coating

A. Complexation of Benzonatate (Benzonatate Resin)

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Purified water 40.0 266.7 Benzonatate 30.0 200Amberlite IRP64 30.0 200

Purified Water was weighed and Benzonatate was admixed in it. Thissolution was sprayed onto the Amberlite IRP64 weak acidic cationexchange resin with continuous mixing in the Key High shear granulator(impellor speed 250 rpm, chopper speed 3200 rpm, spray rate 30 g/min) toform a uniform mass. The granules formed were dried in an oven at 40° C.overnight. Finally, the granules were passed through a 425 micronscreen.

B. Granulation of Benzonatate-Weak Acid Cationic Exchange Resin Complex(Benzonatate-Ion Exchange Resin Complex-Matrix)

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Hypromellose (Methocel E5) 1.7 12.5 Ethanol190 Proof 31.7 237.5 Benzonatate - Cation 66.7 500 Exchange Resin ofPart A Total 100.0 750.0

Hypromellose was slowly added to Ethanol and mixed till completelydissolved to give ‘Hypromellose solution’. The benzonatate-cationexchange resin complex prepared in step (A)1 was mixed at slow speed inthe Key High shear granulator (Impellor 250 rpm, Chopper 3200 rpm). TheHypromellose solution prepared above was sprayed at slow speed on to theBenzonatate resin (Impellor 250 rpm, Chopper 3200 rpm). The granulatedbenzonatate-cation exchange resin complex-matrix was passed through a500 micron screen. Drying was not required as the moisture content wasonly 9.49%.

C. Coating Benzonatate-Ion Exchange Resin Complex-Matrix with EthylCellulose at 20% Level (Benzonatate ME20 Resin)

Coating solution Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Triacetin 1.0 11.0 Ethano1190proof 89.0 979.0 Ethyl cellulose (Ethocel 10 Premium) 10.0 110.0 Total100.0 1100.0

Ethocel 20% Coating:

Ingredients Qty (g) Benzonatate - ion exchange resin 450 complex -matrix of Part B Coating Solution 818

To prepare the coating solution, triacetin was dissolved in ethanol.Ethyl cellulose was added slowly and mixed until it was completelydissolved. The coating solution prepared was sprayed ontobenzonatate-cation exchange resin complex-matrix prepared according toPart B in the fluid bed equipment such that 20% solid content was loadedonto the benzonatate-cation exchange resin complex-matrix. The coatedbenzonatate-cation exchange resin complex-matrix temperature wasmaintained at approximately 35° C. in the fluid bed equipment.

D. Formation of Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg

Qty/Tablet Ingredient % w/w (mg) Coated Benzonatate - cation exchangeresin 27.0 243.4 complex - matrix of Part C Benzonatate - cationexchange resin complex 11.2 100.6 of Part A Lactose Monohydrate(Supertab ® 11SD) 27.6 248.5 Microcrystalline Cellulose 102 (Avicel ®102) 31.1 280.0 Povidone K90F (Kollidon 90) 1.7 15.0 Silicon Dioxide(Syloid ®) 0.6 5.0 Magnesium Stearate (Hyqual ®) 0.8 7.5 TOTAL 100.0900.0 Batch Size: 100 Tablets

Coated benzonatate-cation exchange resin complex-matrix of Part C,benzonatate-cation exchange resin complex of Part A, lactosemonohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone K90Fwere passed through a 710 micron screen and mixed for 10 minutes.Silicon dioxide was passed through a 600 micron screen and mixed withthe above blend for 2 minutes. Magnesium stearate was passed through a600 micron screen and mixed with the above blend for another 2 minutes.The final blend was compressed on rotary tablet press with 0.3310×0.7210inches caplet tool (Hardness: 8-10 kP)

The in vitro dissolution profile of the tablet was assessed using thefollowing dissolution parameters App (II), Paddle, 50 rpm, in adissolution media of 0.05M Sodium Phosphate, pH 6.8 (900 mL), at atemperature of 37° C.

Time (hrs) 0.5 1 2 3 4 6 8 12 % 47 56 67 73 76 78 78 74 Release

For comparative purposes, in vitro dissolution was also assessed in USPMedia Water 900 mL App II, Paddle, 50 rpm.

Minutes 10 20 30 45 % Release 23 29 31 34

Example 7—Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Calcium Silicate asAdsorbent and Glyceryl Behenate as Modified Release Agent in Matrix andReverse Enteric Coating

Step 1: Benzonatate Adsorption with Calcium Silicate(“Benzonatate-Calcium Silicate Adsorbate”)

No. Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) 1 Benzonatate 60.0 300.0 2 CalciumSilicate 40.0 200.0 (ZeoPharm ® 600) Total 100.0 400.00

Using the amounts shown in the preceding table, calcium silicate wasmixed at slow speed in a high shear granulator (Impeller: 250 rpm andChopper: 3200 rpm). Benzonatate was added to it at slow speed (Impeller:250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm) at a rate of approx. 7 g/minute. Thegranules formed were passed through a 425 micron screen.

Step 2: Formulation Process:

The following table provides the components for a batch size of 1500tablets.

Qty/Tablet Ingredient % w/w (mg) Qty (g) Intragranular 1Benzonatate-Calcium  29.1 247.3  370.92 Silicate Adsorbate (Assay60.66%) - From Step 1 2 Lactose Monohydrate, NF  29.1 247.7  371.58(Flow Lac 100) 3 Microcrystalline Cellulose  16.7 142.0  213.00 (Ceolus711) 4 Copovidone  10.0  85.0  127.50 (Kollidon VA 64) Extragranular 5Glyceryl Behenate  13.1 111.0  166.50 (Compritol 888 ATO) 6 SiliconDioxide (Syloid 244)  1.0  8.5  12.75 7 Magnesium Stearate  1.0  8.5 12.75 TOTAL 100.0 850.0 1275.00

Using the amounts shown in the preceding table, the benzonatate-calciumsilicate adsorbate prepared in step 1, lactose monohydrate,microcrystalline cellulose, and copovidone were passed through a 600micron screen and mixed for 10 minutes. The resulting blend was passedthrough the roller compactor with the following parameters: Roll Speed:1 rpm; Screw Speed: 8-12 rpm, Roll Pressure: 1800 psi. The compactedsheets were passed through a 850 micron screen.

In a separate process, glyceryl behenate was passed through 600 micronscreen and mixed with above prepared granules for 10 minutes. Silicondioxide was passed through 600 micron screen and mixed with the aboveblend for 2 minutes. Magnesium stearate was passed through 600 micronscreen and mixed with the above blend for 2 minutes. The blend wascompressed with Tool: 0.3600″×0.7480″ (Oval tool, Plain); Hardness: 4-5Kp.

Step 3: Coating with Kollicoatt Smartseal 30D

Sr # Ingredient % w/w Qty (g) 1 Kollicoat ® Smartseal 30D* aqueous 33.3166.65 polymeric dispersion 2 Tributyl citrate (TBC) 1.5 7.50 3Butylated hydroxy - toluene 0.1 0.50 4 Talc 8.0 40.00 5 Purified Water57.1 285.35 TOTAL 100.0 500.00 *Kollicoat ® Smartseal 30D is an aqueouspolymeric dispersion with a solids concentration of approximately 30%.It contains methyl methacrylate and diethylaminoethyl methacrylatecopolymer stabilized with approximately 0.6% macrogol cetostearyl etherand 0.8% sodium lauryl sulfate.

Using the amounts shown in the table above, the coating was prepared asfollows to provide a coating with a total solid content of 19.6% and atotal polymer content of 10%. The final product contains a coating layercontaining total polymer on dried film of about ˜50% w/w polymer.

To prepare the coating, butylated hydroxy-toluene was dissolved intributyl citrate with an arrow mixer for 20 minutes to form aPlasticizer Suspension. Separately, talc was homogenized in water usinghigh shear mixer for 10 mins at 3200 rpm. The homogenized talc and thePlasticizer Suspension were slowly poured into the Kollicoat dispersionwhile stirring gently with an arrow mixer. This coating suspension wasmixed for 2 hours, following which the coating suspension was passedthrough 180 micron screen and stirred continuously using a magneticstirrer. The tablets were spray coated with this coating suspension in afluid bed apparatus according to the following parameters and sampledout at 5% and 10% total polymer weight gain.

-   -   Process parameters:    -   Inlet Temperature: 48° C.-55° C.    -   Exhaust Temp: 38° C.-40° C.    -   Air flow: 69 cfm    -   Spray rate: 1-2 g/min        The coated tablets were cured at 50° C. for 2 hours in hot air        oven.

The in vitro dissolution profile of the resulting coated tablet wasassessed using the following dissolution parameters App (II) Paddle, 50rpm, in a dissolution media of 500 mL 0.1 N HCl for 1 hr+400 mLphosphate buffer to a pH of 6.8, at a temperature of 37° C. The releasepercentages provided below are an average of four dissolution texts.

% Time Release 0.5 hr  16   1 hr  27   2 hr  44   3 hr  61   4 hr  83  6 hr  97   8 hr  99  12 hr 100

Example 8—an Open-Label, Randomized, Two-Period Cross-Over, Single-DayPilot Study to Compare the Relative Bioavailability of Benzonatate ERTablets with an Equivalent Dose of a Reference Product (Tessalon®) UnderFasted Conditions in Healthy Adult Subjects

The pharmacokinetics of benzonatate are not well characterized. The drugbegins to act within 15-20 minutes after the administration of animmediate release formulation and the effect lasts for 3 to 8 hours.This study will assess the relative bioavailability of two benzonatate150 mg extended-release tablets prepared as described in Example 7,which are administered twice daily (b.i.d) versus two Tessalon® 100 mgperles administered three times daily (t.i.d.) in healthy adultsubjects. The pharmacokinetic results are provided in the Table belowand illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B.

Treatments:

-   -   Treatment A: The test benzonatate ER tablets were prepared as        described in Example 7. A 300 mg dose of the test product (2        tablets) was administered with 240 mL and potable water in 2        equal doses (300 mg each), at 0 and 12 hours under fasting        conditions.    -   Treatment B: A 200 mg dose of the reference product (2 perles)        was administered in 3 equal doses (200 mg each), at 0, 8 and 16        hours under fasting conditions.    -   Dose: Test Product: 2×150 mg b.i.d. (total 600 mg dose)        -   Reference Product: 2×100 mg t.i.d. (total 600 mg dose)    -   Drug Administration: Test Product: two 150 mg tablets        administered at 0 and        12 hours with 240 mL (±˜5 mL) of potable water    -   Reference Product: two 100 mg perles administered at 0, 8 and 16        hours with 240 mL (±˜5 mL) of potable water    -   14 subjects were in each group.

PK analysis was performed on available data from subjects in the PKdataset. The actual post-dose sample collection times were in the PKanalysis. The following PK parameters will be estimated for benzonatateusing a noncompartmental approach in SAS®: AUCinf: The area under theanalyte concentration versus time curve from time zero to infinity.Cmax: Maximum measured analyte concentration over the sampling period.Tmax: Time of the maximum measured analyte concentration over thesampling period.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed on log-transformed AUCinfand Cmax and on untransformed Tmax parameters. Using the samestatistical model, the least-squares-means, the differences between thetreatments least-squares-means and the corresponding standard errors ofthese differences will be estimated for log-transformed AUCinf and Cmaxparameters. Based on these statistics, the ratios of the geometric meansfor treatments and the corresponding 90% confidence intervals and powerwill be calculated. These statistics will be used to evaluate theperformance of the test formulation in relation to the referenceproduct.

Benzonatate concentrations were measured from plasma by a validatedLC/MS/MS analytical method. The following pharmacokinetic parameterswere estimated using a non-compartmental approach: AUCinf, Cmax, andTmax. Statistical Analysis: ANOVA (PROC GLM) will be performed onlog-transformed AUCinf and Cmax and untransformed Tmax. Based onlog-transformed data, ratios of the geometric means for treatments andthe corresponding 90% confidence intervals will be calculated for AUCt,AUCinf and Cmax. These statistics will be used to evaluate theperformance of the test formulation in relation to the referenceproduct.

Summary of Study Results Based on Plasma Benzonatate Levels

Based on Raw Data 90% Arithmetic Geometric Ratio Confidence Intra-SbjParameter Trt n Mean (CV %) Mean Contrast (%) Interval CV (%) Cmax A 14 32.543 (43) 30.115 A vs B 57.71 47.43-70.21 30 (ng/mL) B 14  60.243(54) 52.188 AUCinf A 11 183.051 (62) 150.268 A vs B 109.49  90.64-132.2520 (ng · h/mL) B 12 160.425 (50) 137.244 n Median Range Tmax A 14 12.001.00-16.00 (h) B 14 9.00 0.50-17.00

Example 9—Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Calcium Silicate asAdsorbent and Reverse Enteric Coating (Cationic Copolymer Based onDimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate, Butyl Methacrylate and MethylMethacrylate)

1. Preparation of Benzonatate-Calcium Silicate Adsorbate

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Calcium Silicate (ZeoPharm ® 600)  40.0 200.0Benzonatate  60.0 300.0 Total 100.0 400.00

Using the amounts in the preceding table, the calcium silicate was mixedat slow speed in a high shear granulator (Impeller: 250 rpm; Chopper:3200 rpm). Benzonatate was added to it at slow speed (Impeller: 250 rpm;Chopper: 3200 rpm) at a rate of approximately 7 g/minute. Thebenzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbate granules formed were passedthrough a 425 micron screen. Using the assay described in previousexamples showed 60.66 wt % benzonatate based on the total weight of thebenzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbate.

2. Preparation of Benzonatate ER Tablet

Qty/Tablet Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (mg) (g) Intragranular 1Benzonatate-Calcium Silicate 27.5 247.7 99.08 adsorbate of Part 1 (Assay60.66%) 2 Lactose Monohydrate, NF 15.3 138.0 55.20 (Flow Lac 100) 3Microcrystalline Cellulose 16.4 148.0 59.20 (Ceolus 711) 4 GlycerylBehenate (Compritol 6.0 54.0 21.60 888 ATO) Extragranular 5 CalciumSilicate 6.8 60.8 24.32 (ZeoPharm ™ 600) 6 Microcrystalline Cellulose8.9 80.0 32.00 (Ceolus ™ 711) 7 Lactose Monohydrate, NF 6.4 57.5 23.00(Flow Lac ™ 100) 8 Copovidone (Kollidon ™ VA 10.0 90.0 36.00 64) 9Colloidal Silicon dioxide 1.1 9.5 3.80 (Aerosil ™ 200) 10 MagnesiumStearate (Hyqual 1.6 14.5 5.80 Veg. Source) Total 100.0 900.0 360.00Batch Size: 400 tablets

Items 1, 2, 3 & 4 were mixed in KG5 [Key International] high sheargranulator for 10 minutes (Impeller: 250 rpm; Chopper: 3200 rpm).Jacketed heat was turned on and the blend was mixed till the temperaturereached 80° C. The blend was further mixed for 10 minutes at 80° C. Theblend was spread out in stainless steel trays and cooled for 2 hours,following which the blend was passed through a 710 micron screen.

Items 5, 6, 7 & 8 were separately passed through a 710 micron screen andmixed with above blend (of items 1, 2, 3 and 4) for 10 minutes in a cubeblender. Item 10 was passed through a 600 micron screen and 50% of itwas mixed with the above blend for 3 minutes. The blend was passedthrough a TF mini [Vector Corporation] roller compactor (roll speed 1rpm; pressure: 600 psi; screw speed 12 rpm). The ribbons were milledthrough Fitz Mill (Speed: 1200 rpm; Knife: forward; Screen 1650 micron(0065 screen) (The Fitzpatrick Company)). Item 9 was passed through a600 micron screen and mixed with the above blend for 5 minutes. Theremaining 50% of Item 10 was added to above blend and mixed for 3minutes. The blend was compressed with Tool: 0.3310″×0.7210″ (Plain);Hardness: 10-12 Kp

3. Coating with “Eudragit® EPO Ready Mix” (Reverse Enteric Coat)

Qty/Lot Ingredient % w/w (g) Eudragit ® EPO Ready  15.0  45.00 Mix*Purified Water  85.0 255.00 Total 100.0 300.00

The EUDRAGIT® EPO is a cationic copolymer based on dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate, butyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate. Eudragit® EPOReady Mix consists of basic Butylated methacrylate copolymer, sodiumlauryl sulphate, stearic acid and talc. The mix reverse enteric coatingmix was mixed with the purified water using a high shear mixer for 30minutes at 2300 rpm to a total solid content of 15%.

The suspension was passed through a 500 micron screen and stirredcontinuously using a magnetic stirrer. Tablets prepared were coated withfollowing parameters and sampled out at 10% solid content level. Thecoated tablets were pan dried at 40° C. for 30 minutes.

The process parameters were: Inlet Temperature: 35° C.; Exhaust Temp:28° C.-30° C.; Air flow: 65 cfm; Spray rate: 1.5 g/min.

4. Coating with “Opadry® YS-1-19025-A” (Seal Coat)

Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (g) 1 Opadry ® YS-1-19025-A clear  7.5 22.50 2 Purified Water  92.5 277.50 Total 100.0 300.00

A clear seal coat Opadry® YS-1-19025-A solution was prepared by addingItem 1 to Item 2 (total solid content 7.5% w/v) and mixed for 60 minutesusing an arrow mixer. Coating was performed on the reverse entericcoated tablets with following parameters and sampled out at 3% solidcontent level. Process parameters were: Inlet Temperature: 60° C.-65°C.; Exhaust Temp: 38° C.-48° C.; Air flow: 63 cfm; Spray rate: 1.5g/min.

Example 10—Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Calcium Silicate asAdsorbent and Hypromellose as Extended Release Agent in Matrix

This formulation was prepared using hypromellose (also termedhydroxypropylmethylcellulose or HPMC) with a viscosity of 2663-4970mPa-S, 19-24% methoxy, 7-12% hydroxypropyl, substitution 2208, and abulk density of 0.12-0.15 g/cm³ and a moisture content of 5% max.

1. Benzonatate with Calcium Silicate (BEN-Calcium Silicate Adsorbate)

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Benzonatate  61.5 320.0 Calcium Silicate(ZeoPharm ®  38.5 200.0 600) Total 100.0 520.0

Using the amounts shown in the preceding table, calcium silicate wasmixed at slow speed in a high shear granulator (Impeller: 250 rpm andChopper: 3200 rpm). Benzonatate was added to it at slow speed (Impeller:250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm) at a rate of approx. 7 g/minute. Thebenzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbate granules formed were passedthrough a 425 micron screen. Using the assay described herein, theamount of benzonatate was determined to be 60.66 wt % benzonatate basedon the total weight of the adsorbate.

2. Benzonatate ER Tablet

Qty/Tablet Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (mg) (g) 1 BEN-Calcium SilicateAdsorbate of 29.5 247.7 37.16 Part 1 (Assay 60.66%) 2 Hypromellose K4M32.1 270.0 40.50 (Methocel ® K4M) 3 Microcrystalline Cellulose 16.2135.8 20.37 (Ceolus ® 711) 4 Lactose Monohydrate, NF 8.8 74.0 11.10(Flow Lac ® 100) 5 Copovidone (Kollidon ® VA 64) 10.7 90.0 13.50 6Colloidal Silicon dioxide 1.1 9.0 1.35 (Aerosil ® 200) 7 MagnesiumStearate (Hyqual ®) 1.6 13.5 2.03 Total 100.0 840.0 126.00 Batch Size:150 tablets

Items 1,2,3,4 and 5 from the immediately preceding table were passedthrough a 710 micron and mixed in a cube blender for 10 minutes. Item 7was passed through 600 micron screen and 50% of it mixed with the aboveblend (Items 1,2,3,4,5) for 2 minutes. The resulting blend with items1-5 and 50% of item 7 was passed through a TFC mini roller compactor(roll speed 1 rpm; pressure: 1200 psi; screw speed 12 rpm; VectorCorporation). The ribbons were passed through 710 micron screen. Item 6was passed through 600 micron screen and mixed with the above blend for2 minutes. The remaining 50% of Item 7 was added to above blend andmixed for 2 minutes. The final blend was compressed with Tool:0.3310″×0.7210″ (Plain); Hardness: 5 Kp.

3. In-Vitro Dissolution (500 mL of 0.1 N HCl for 1 hr+400 mL ofPhosphate Buffer):

In order to assess the dissolution pattern of the tablet core prior tocoating with a reverse enteric coating or an optional seal coat, invitro dissolution profile of the tablet prepared according to Part 2 wasassessed using the following dissolution parameters App (II) Paddle, 50rpm, in a dissolution media of 500 mL 0.1 N HCl for 1 hr+400 mLphosphate buffer to a pH of 6.8, at a temperature of 37° C. The releasepercentages provided below are an average of four dissolution vessels.

Time (h) 0.5 1 3 6 12 % Released 6 9 12 14 22

This tablet core may be coated with a reverse enteric coating and anoptional seal coat.

Example 11—Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Calcium Silicate asAdsorbent and Blend of Hypromelloses as Extended Release Agent in Matrix

This formulation was prepared using a blend of two hypromelloses: (1)hyrpomellose with a viscosity of 2663-4970 mPa-S, 19-24% methoxy, 7-12%hydroxypropyl, substitution 2208, and a bulk density of 0.12-0.15 g/cm³and a moisture content of 5% max; and (2) hydromellose with a viscosityof 80-120 mPa-S, 19-24% methoxy, 7-12% hydroxypropyl, substitution 2208,and a moisture content of 5% max.

1. Benzonatate Adsorption with Calcium Silicate (BEN-Calcium SilicateAdsorbate)

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Benzonatate  61.5 320.0 Calcium Silicate(ZeoPharm ®  38.5 200.0 600) Total 100.0 520.0

Using the ingredients in the immediately preceding table, calciumsilicate was mixed at slow speed in a high shear granulator (Impeller:250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm). Benzonatate was added to it at slowspeed (Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm) at a rate ofapproximately 7 g/minute. The benzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbategranules formed were passed through 425 micron screen. Using the assaydescribed herein, the amount of benzonatate was determined to be 60.66wt % benzonatate based on the total weight of the adsorbate.

2. Benzonatate ER Tablet

Qty/Table Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w t (mg) (g) Intragranular  1BEN-Calcium Silicate Adsorbate of 27.5 247.7 37.16 Part 1 (Assay 60.66%) 2 Hypromellose K100LV (Methocel ® 8.0 72.0 10.80 K100LV)  3Hypromellose K4M 12.0 108.0 16.20 (Methocel ® K4M)  4 Calcium Silicate(Zeopharm ® 600) 7.0 63.0 9.45  5 Microcrystalline Cellulose 18.5 166.324.95 (Ceolus ® 711)  6 Lactose Monohydrate, NF 15.0 135.0 20.25 (FlowLac ® 100)  7 Copovidone (Kollidon ® VA 64) 10.0 90.0 13.50  8 MagnesiumStearate (Hyqual ®) 0.5 4.5 0.68 Extragranular  9 Colloidal Silicondioxide 1.0 9.0 1.35 (Aerosil ® 200) 10 Magnesium Stearate (Hyqual ®)0.5 4.5 0.68 Total 100.0 900.0 135.00 Batch Size: 150 tablets

Using the ingredients from the immediately preceding table, Items 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were passed through 850 micron screen and mixed in acube blender for 10 minutes. Item 8 was passed through 600 micron screenand above blend for 2 minutes. The blend was passed through a rollercompactor (roll speed 1 rpm; pressure: 1600 psi; screw speed 12 rpm).The ribbons were passed through Fitz mill (Knife forward, Speed: 1100rpm, Screen 0065; Fitzpatrick Company). Item 9 was passed through 600micron screen and mixed with the above blend for 3 minutes. Item 10 (600micron screen) was added to above blend and mixed for 2 minutes. Theblend was compressed with Tool: 0.3310″×0.7210″ (Plain); Hardness: 6 Kp.

3. In-Vitro Dissolution (500 mL of 0.1 N HCl for 1 hr+400 mL ofPhosphate Buffer):

In order to assess the dissolution pattern of the tablet core prior tocoating with a reverse enteric coating or an optional seal coat, invitro dissolution profile of the tablet prepared according to Part 2 wasassessed using the following dissolution parameters App (II) Paddle, 50rpm, in a dissolution media of 500 mL 0.1 N HCl for 1 hr+400 mLphosphate buffer to a pH of 6.8, at a temperature of 37° C. The releasepercentages provided below are an average of four dissolution vessels.

Time (h) 0.5 1 3 6 12 % Released 5 8 10 14 83

This tablet core may be coated with a reverse enteric coating and anoptional seal coat.

Example 12—Benzonatate ER 150 Tablet with Benzonatate-Calcium SilicateAdsorbate and Using Controlled Release (CR) Hypromellose K100LV

This formulation was prepared using the hypromellose with a viscosity of80-120 mPa-S, a methoxy % of 10.0-24.0, hydroxypropyl % of 7.0-12.0,(substitution type 2208, a moisture amount of 5% max, and a bulk densityof 0.23-0.35 g/cm³. The formulation was prepared as described in thepreceding example.

1. Benzonatate Adsorption with Calcium Silicate (BEN-Calcium SilicateAdsorbate)

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Benzonatate 61.5 320.0 Calcium Silicate 38.5200.0 (ZeoPharm ® 600) Total 100.0 520.0

Using the ingredients in the immediately preceding table, calciumsilicate was mixed at slow speed in a high shear granulator (Impeller:250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm). Benzonatate was added to it at slowspeed (Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm) at a rate ofapproximately 7 g/minute. The benzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbategranules formed were passed through 425 micron screen. Assay showedbenzonatate in an amount of 60.66 wt % based on the total weight of theadsorbate.

2. Benzonatate ER Tablet

Qty/ Qty/ Tablet Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (mg) (g) 1 BEN-CalciumSilicate Adsorbate of Part 27.5 247.7 24.77 1 (Assay 60.66%) 2HypromelloseCR KlOOLV (Methocel ® 10.0 90.0 9.00 K 100LV) 3Microcrystalline Cellulose (Ceolus ® 15.0 135.0 13.50 711) 4 LactoseAnhydrous (Supertab ® 22AN) 37.5 337.3 33.73 5 Copovidone (Kollidon ® VA64) 8.0 72.0 7.20 6 Colloidal Silicon dioxide (Aerosil ® 200) 1.0 9.00.90 7 Magnesium Stearate (Hyqual ® ) 1.0 9.0 0.90 Total 100.0 900.090.00 Batch Size: 100 tablets

Using the ingredients in the immediately preceding table, Items 1,2,3,4& 5 were passed through 710 micron screen and mixed in a poly bag for 10minutes. Item 6 was passed through 600 micron screen and above blend for2 minutes. Item 7 (following being passed through a 600 micron screen)was added to above blend and mixed for 2 minutes. The final blend wascompressed with Tool: 0.3310″×0.7210″ (Plain).

3. In-Vitro Dissolution (0.1 N HCl):

In order to assess the dissolution pattern of the tablet core, in vitrodissolution profile of the tablet was performed in 0.1 N HCl andassessed at 0.5, 1 and 2 hours, using the following dissolutionparameters App (II) Paddle, 50 rpm. The release percentages providedbelow are an average of four dissolution vessels.

Time 0.5 1 3 % Released 14 22 101

This tablet core may be coated with a reverse enteric coating and anoptional seal coat.

Example 13—Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Calcium Silicate asAdsorbent and Hydroxypropyl Cellulose as Extended Release Agent inMatrix

This example uses an illustrative hydroxypropyl cellulose [LXF, AshlandChemical] characterized by a molecular weight of 95,000, a viscosity of75-150 mPa-S, a max moisture content of 5%, a pH of 5-7.5 in water,moles substitution 3.4-4.4, 0.2 max ash content, and particle sizes (min85% through 600 micron screen, min 99% through 20 mesh).

Example 13A: Formulation A

1. Benzonatate Adsorption with Calcium Silicate (BEN-Calcium SilicateAdsorbate)

No. Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) 1 Benzonatate 61.5 320.0 2 CalciumSilicate 38.5 200.0 (ZeoPharm ® 600) Total 100.0 520.0

Using the ingredients in the immediately preceding table, calciumsilicate was mixed at slow speed in a high shear granulator (Impeller:250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm). Benzonatate was added to it at slowspeed (Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm) at a rate ofapproximately 7 g/minute. The benzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbategranules formed were passed through 425 micron screen and assayed asdescribed in the preceding example.

2. Benzonatate ER Tablet

Qty/ Qty/ Tablet Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (mg) (g) 1 BEN-CalciumSilicate Adsorbate 27.5 247.7 24.77 of Part 1 (Assay 60.66%) 2Hydroxypropyl cellulose 20.0 180.0 18.00 LXF (Klucel ® LXF) 3Microcrystalline Cellulose 10.0 90.0 9.00 (Ceolus ® 711) 4 LactoseAnhydrous (Supertab ® 22AN) 32.5 292.3 29.23 5 Copovidone (Kollidon ® VA64) 8.0 72.0 7.20 6 Aerosil ® 200 amorphous anhydrous 1.0 9.0 0.90colloidal silicon dioxide with a specific surface area of 200 m²/g[Evonik] 7 Magnesium Stearate 1.0 9.0 0.90 Total 100.0 900.0 90.00 BatchSize: 100 tablets

Using the ingredients and amounts in the preceding table, Items 1, 2, 3,4 & 5 were passed through 710 micron screen and mixed in a poly bag for10 minutes. Item 6 was passed through 600 micron screen and above blendfor 2 minutes. Item 7 (600 micron screen) was added to above blend andmixed for 2 minutes. The blend was compressed with Tool: 0.3310″×0.7210″(Plain) Hardness: 11 Kp.

3. In-Vitro Dissolution (0.1 N HCl):

In order to assess the dissolution pattern of the tablet core, in vitrodissolution profile of the tablet was performed in 0.1 N HCl andassessed at the time points shown, using the following dissolutionparameters App (II) Paddle, 50 rpm. The release percentages providedbelow are an average of four dissolution vessels.

Time (h) 0.5 1 3 6 % Released 9 14 51 96

This tablet core may be coated with a reverse enteric coating and anoptional seal coat.

Example 13B: Formulation B

1. Benzonatate Adsorption with Calcium Silicate (BEN-Calcium SilicateAdsorbate)

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Benzonatate 61.5 320.0 Calcium Silicate 38.5200.0 (ZeoPharm ® 600) Total 100.0 520.0

Using the ingredients in the immediately, preceding table, calciumsilicate was mixed at slow speed in a high shear granulator (Impeller:250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm). Benzonatate was added to it at slowspeed (Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm) at a rate ofapproximately 7 g/minute. The benzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbategranules formed were passed through 425 micron screen.

2. Benzonatate ER Tablet

Qty/ Qty/ Tablet Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (mg) (g) Intragranular 1BEN-Calcium Silicate adsorbate 27.5 247.7 24.77 according to Example13B, Part 1. (Assay 60.66%) 2 Hydroxypropyl cellulose LXF 20.0 180.018.00 (Kluce ® LXF) 3 Microcrystalline Cellulose 10.0 90.0 9.00(Ceolus ® 711) 4 Lactose Anhydrous 32.5 292.3 29.23 (Supertab ® 22AN) 5Copovidone (Kollidon ® VA 64) 8.0 72.0 7.20 6 Magnesium Stearate 0.5 4.50.45 Extragranular 7 Aerosil ® 200 1.0 9.0 0.90 8 Magnesium Stearate 0.54.5 0.45 Total 100.0 900.0 90.00 Batch Size: 100 tablets

Using the ingredients in the immediately preceding table, Items 1, 2, 3,4 & 5 were passed through 710 micron screen and mixed in a poly bag for10 minutes. 2. Item 6 was passed through 600 micron screen and aboveblend for 2 minutes. The entire blend was roller compacted using a microroller compactor (Roll speed: 1 rpm, Screw speed: 12 rpm, Pressure: 1600psi). The compacted sheets were milled through a Fitz mill (Screen:0065, Speed: 1100 rpm, knife forward). The blend was again rollercompacted using a micro roller compactor (Roll speed: 1 rpm, Screwspeed: 12 rpm, Pressure: 1600 psi). The compacted sheets were milledthrough a Fitz mill (Screen: 0065, Speed: 1100 rpm, knife forward). Item7 (600 micron screen) was added to above blend and mixed for 2 minutes.The blend was compressed with Tool: 0.3310″×0.7210″ (Plain) Hardness: 11Kp.

The in vitro dissolution of the tablet core, i.e., the tablet preparedas described in Example 13B, Part 2 prior to coating with a reverseenteric coat or seal coat, was assessed in an assay with the followingmedia: (500 mL of 0.1 N HCl for 1 hr+400 mL of Phosphate Buffer),Apparatus-2, 50 rpm:

Time (h) 1 3 6 12 % Released 16 24 43 76

3. Coating with Eudragit® EPO Ready Mix (Reverse Enteric Coat)

Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (g) 1 Eudragit ® EPO Ready Mix* 15.0 45.002 Purified Water 85.0 255.00 Total 100.0 300.00 Total Solid content =15%

The reverse enteric coating (Item 1 in table) was mixed in water using ahigh shear mixer for 30 minutes at 2300 rpm. The resulting suspensionwas passed through 500 micron screen and stirred continuously using amagnetic stirrer. The tablets prepared as described in Example 13B, Part2 were coated with following process parameters to reach a 10 wt %reverse enteric coating level (based on the weight of the tablet priorto any seal coat). Process parameters: Inlet Temperature: 35° C.,Exhaust Temp: 28° C.-30° C., Air flow: 65 cfm, Spray rate: 1.5 g/min.The coated tablets were pan dried at 40° C. for 30 minutes.

The in vitro dissolution of the reverse enteric coated tablet wasassessed in an assay with the following media: (500 mL of 0.1 N HCl for1 hr+400 mL of Phosphate Buffer), Apparatus-2, 50 rpm:

Time (h) 1 3 6 12 % Released 15 23 54 84

4. Coating with Opadry® YS-1-19025-A (Seal Coat)

Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (g) 1 Opadry YS-1-19025-A clear 7.5 22.50 2Purified Water 92.5 277.50 Total 100.0 300.00 Total Solid content = 7.5%

A clear seal coat solution was prepared by adding Item 1 (Opadry®YS-1-19025-A) to Item 2 (water) and mixing for 60 minutes using an Arrowmixer. The seal coat solution was applied to the reverse enteric coatedtablets prepared as described in Example 13B, Part 3, with the followingparameters to reach 3 wt % seal coat level (based on the total weight ofthe coated tablet). Process parameters: Inlet Temperature: 60° C.-65°C., Exhaust Temp: 38° C.-48° C., Air flow: 63 cfm, Spray rate: 1.5g/min.

The in vitro dissolution of the reverse enteric coated tablet wasassessed in an assay with the following media: (500 mL of 0.1 N HCl for1 hr+400 mL of Phosphate Buffer), Apparatus-2, 50 rpm:

Time (h) 1 3 6 12 % Released 16 24 48 90

Example 14—Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Calcium Silicate asAdsorbent and Combination of Glyceryl Behenate-Hydrophilic Polymer asExtended Release Agent in Matrix

1. Benzonatate Complexation with Calcium Silicate (BEN-Calcium SilicateAdsorbate)

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Benzonatate 61.5 320.0 Calcium Silicate(ZeoPharm ® 600) 38.5 200.0 Total 100.0 520.0

Calcium silicate was mixed at slow speed in a high shear granulator(Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm). Benzonatate was added to itat slow speed (Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm) at a rate ofapproximately 7 g/minute. The benzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbategranules formed were passed through 425 micron screen and assayed asdescribed above for benzonatate content.

2. Benzonatate ER Tablet

% Qty/Tablet Qty/Lot No. Ingredient w/w (mg) (g) Intragranular  1BEN-Calcium Silicate Adsorbate  27.5 247.7  99.08 of Part 1 (Assay60.66%)  2 Lactose Monohydrate, NF  13.3 119.8  47.92 (Flow Lac ® 100) 3 Microcrystalline Cellulose  15.0 135.0  54.00 (Ceolus ® 711)  4Glyceryl Behenate  10.0  90.0  36.00 (Compritol ® 888 ATO) Extragranular 5 Hypromellose E5 LV ®   5.0  45.0  18.00  6 Calcium Silicate(ZeoPharm ® 600)   5.6  50.0  20.00  7 Microcrystalline Cellulose   7.2 65.0  26.00 (Ceolus ® 711)  8 Lactose Monohydrate, NF   5.6  50.0 20.00 (Flow Lac ® 100)  9 Copovidone (Kollidon ® VA 64)   8.3  75.0 30.00 10 Colloidal Silicon dioxide   1.0   9.0   3.60 (Aerosil ® 200)11 Magnesium Stearate (Hyqual ®)   1.5  13.5   5.40 Total 100.0 900.0360.00 Batch Size: 100 tablets

Using the ingredients and amounts in the preceding table, Items 1, 2, 3& 4 were mixed in high shear granulator for 10 minutes (Imp: 250 rpm,Chopper: 3200 rpm). Jacketed heat was turned on and the blend wasallowed to mix till the temperature reached 80° C. The blend was mixedfor 10 minutes at 80° C. The blend was spread out in stainless steeltrays and cooled for 2 hours. The blend was passed through 710 micronscreen. Items 5,6,7,8 were passed through 710 micron screen and mixedwith the above blend for 10 minutes. Item 9 was passed through 600micron screen and mixed with the above blend for 5 minutes. Item 10 waspassed through 600 micron screen and 50% of it mixed with the aboveblend for 3 minutes. The blend was passed through a roller compactor(roll speed 1 rpm; pressure: 500 psi; screw speed 12 rpm). The ribbonswere milled through Fitz Mill (Speed: 2300 rpm, Knife forward, 0050screen). The remaining 50% of Item 10 was added to above blend and mixedfor 3 minutes. The blend was compressed with Tool: 0.3600″×0.7480″(Plain); Hardness: 7 Kp.

3. Coating with Eudragit® EPO Ready Mix (Reverse Enteric Coat)

Qty/Lot Ingredient % w/w (g) Eudragit ® EPO Ready Mix*  15.0  45.00Purified Water  85.0 255.00 Total 100.0 300.00 *EUDRAGIT EPO Ready Mix ®is a cationic copolymer based on dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, butylmethacrylate and methyl methacrylate. Eudragit EPO ready Mix consists ofbasic Butylated methacrylate copolymer, sodium lauryl sulphate, stearicacid and talc Total Solid content = 15%

The reverse enteric coating shown in the preceding table was mixed inwater using a high shear mixer for 30 minutes at 2300 rpm. Thesuspension was passed through a 500 micron screen and stirredcontinuously using a magnetic stirrer. The prepared tablets were coatedwith following process parameters and sampled out at 10% solid contentlevel. The process parameters were as follows: Inlet Temperature: 35°C., Exhaust Temp: 28° C.-30° C., Air flow: 65 cfm, Spray rate: 1.5g/min. The coated tablets were pan dried at 40° C. for 30 minutes.

4. Coating with Opadry® YS-1-19025-A Seal Coat

Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (g) 1 Opadry ® YS-1-19025-A clear 7.5 22.50seal coat (hypromellose) 2 Purified Water 92.5 277.50 Total 100.0 300.00Total Solid content = 7.5%

Opadry YS-1-19025-A clear solution was prepared by adding Item 1 to Item2 and mixed for 60 minutes using an Arrow mixer. Coating was performedon the reverse enteric coated tablets with following parameters andsampled out at 3% solid content level.

The process parameters were as follows: Inlet Temperature: 60° C.-65°C., Exhaust Temp: 38° C.-48° C., Air flow: 63 cfm, Spray rate: 1.5g/min.

5. In-Vitro Dissolution (500 mL of 0.1 N NHCl for 1 hr+400 mL ofPhosphate Buffer):

In vitro dissolution was assayed according to the assay parametersdescribed in Example 7.

Time (h) 0.5 1 3 6 12 % Released 11 20 46 89 99

Example 15—Benzonatate ER Tablet 150 mg Using Calcium Silicate asAdsorbent and Combination of Hypromellose and Hydroxypropyl Cellulose asExtended Release Agent in Matrix

This example illustrates blending a benzonatate-calcium silicateadsorbate with a combination of hypromellose and hydroxypropyl cellulose(HPC). The illustrated HPC is characterized by: a viscosity of 300-600mPa-S, a molecular weight of 80 kDa, an average particle size of about99.9% min (U.S. 60 mesh), 90% min (U.S. 80 mesh), and 80% (100 mesh).The hypromellose has a viscosity of 2663-4970 mPas and is described indetail in a preceding example.

1. Benzonatate Adsorption with Calcium Silicate (BEN-Calcium SilicateAdsorbate)

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Benzonatate  61.5 320.0 Calcium Silicate  38.5200.0 (ZeoPharm ® 600) Total 100.0 520.0

Calcium silicate was mixed at slow speed in a high shear granulator(Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm). Benzonatate was added to itat slow speed (Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm) at a rate ofapproximately 7 g/minute. The granules formed were passed through 425micron screen.

2. Benzonatate ER Tablet

Qty/Tablet Qty/Lot Sr # Ingredient % w/w (mg) (gms) 1 BEN-CalciumSilicate Adsorbate  27.5 247.7 24.77 from Part 1 (Assay 60.66%) 2 HPMCK4M (Methocel ® K4M)  5.0  45.0  4.50 3 Hydroxypropyl cellulose  5.0 45.0  4.50 (HPC EXF ®) 4 Microcrystalline Cellulose  12.0 108.0 10.80(Ceolus ® 711) 5 Lactose Anhydrous  40.5 364.3 36.43 (Supertab ® 22AN) 6Copovidone (Kollidon ® VA 64)  8.0  72.0  7.20 7 Colloidal Silicondioxide  1.0  9.0  0.90 (Aerosil ® 200) 8 Magnesium Stearate (Hyqual ®) 1.0  9.0  0.90 Total 100.0 900.0 90.00 Batch Size: 100 tablets

In order to prepare a tablet using the adsorbate prepared in theimmediately preceding paragraph 1, pass Items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6through 500 micron screen and mix in a poly bag for 10 minutes by hand.Pass Item 7 through a 500 micron screen and mix with the above blend for2 minutes. Pass Item 8 through a 600 micron and mix with the above blendfor 2 minutes. Compress the blend with Tool: 0.3310″×0.7210″ (Plain);Hardness: 11 Kp.

The resulting tablet may thereafter be coated with a reverse entericcoat and an optional seal coat.

Example 16—Benzonatate/Chlorpheniramine ER Tablet 150 mg/4 mg UsingCalcium Silicate as Adsorbent for Benzonatate and HydroxypropylCellulose as Extended Release Agent in Matrix

1. Benzonatate Adsorption with Calcium Silicate (BEN-Calcium Silicateadsorbate)

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Benzonatate  61.5 320.0 Calcium Silicate(ZeoPharm ® 600)  38.5 200.0 Total 100.0 520.0

Calcium silicate is mixed at slow speed in a high shear granulator(Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm). Benzonatate is added to it atslow speed (Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm) at a rate ofapproximately 7 g/minute. The benzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbategranules are passed through a 425 micron screen.

2. Benzonatate/Chlorpheniramine ER Tablet

Qty/Tablet Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (mg) (g) 1 BEN-Calcium Silicateadsorbate  27.5  247.7  24.77 according to Part 1 (Assay 60.66%) 2Chlorpheniramine maleate   0.45   4.00  0.40 3 Hydroxypropyl celluloseLXF  20.0  180.0  18.00 (Klucel ® LXF) 4 Microcrystalline Cellulose 10.0   90.0   9.00 (Ceolus ® 711) 5 Lactose Anhydrous  32.5  292.3 29.23 (Supertab ® 22AN) 6 Copovidone (Kollidon ® VA 64)   8.0   72.0  7.20 7 Aerosil ® 200   1.0    9.0   0.90 8 Magnesium Stearate   1.0   9.0   0.90 Total 100.0  900.0  90.00 Batch Size: 100 tablets

Items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6 are passed through a 710 micron screen and aremixed in a poly bag for 10 minutes. Item 7 is passed through a 600micron screen, then added to above blend which is mixed for 2 minutes.Item 8 (600 micron screen) is added to above blend and is mixed for 2minutes. The blend is compressed with Tool: 0.3310″×0.7210″ (Plain)Hardness: 11 Kp.

3. Coating with Eudragit® EPO Ready Mix (Reverse Enteric Coat)

Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (g) 1 Eudragit ® EPO Ready Mix*  15.0 45.00 2 Purified Water  85.0 255.00 Total 100.0 300.00 Total Solidcontent in coating solution = 15%

Mix the reverse enteric coating mix (Item 1) in water (Item 2) using ahigh shear mixer for 30 minutes at 2300 rpm. Pass the suspension througha 500 micron screen and stir continuously using a magnetic stirrer. Coatthe prepared Tablets of Part 2 with the following process parameters andcoated to 10 wt % reverse enteric coating, based on the weight of thereverse enteric coated tablet (prior to any seal coat). Processparameters: Inlet Temperature: 35° C., Exhaust Temp: 28° C.-30° C., Airflow: 65 cfm, Spray rate: 1.5 g/min. Pan dry the reverse enteric coatedtablets at 40° C. for 30 minutes.

4. Coating with Opadry® YS-1-19025-A (Seal Coat)

w/w Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % (g) 1 Opadry ® YS -1-19025-A 7.5 22.50clear 2 Purified Water 92.5 277.50 Total 100.0 300.00 Total Solidcontent in suspension = 7.5%

A clear solution of the seal coat is prepared by combining the Opadry®YS-1-19025-A (Item 1) to water (Item 2) and mixing for 60 minutes usingan Arrow mixer. This solution is applied to the reverse enteric coatedtablets with the following parameters and sample out at 3% w/w seal coaton the total weight of the tablet. Process parameters: InletTemperature: 60° C.-65° C., Exhaust Temp: 38° C.-48° C., Air flow: 63cfm, Spray rate: 1.5 g/min

Example 17—Benzonatate/Chlorpheniramine ER Tablet 150 mg/4 mg with an IRChlorpheniramine Component Using Calcium Silicate as Adsorbent forBenzonatate and Hydroxypropyl Cellulose as Extended Release Agent inMatrix

1. Benzonatate Adsorption with Calcium Silicate (BEN-Calcium SilicateAdsorbate)

Ingredients % w/w Qty (g) Benzonatate  61.5 320.0 Calcium Silicate  38.5200.0 (ZeoPharm ® 600) Total 100.0 520.0

Calcium silicate is mixed at slow speed in a high shear granulator(Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm). Benzonatate is added to it atslow speed (Impeller: 250 rpm and Chopper: 3200 rpm) at a rate ofapproximately 7 g/minute. The benzonatate-calcium silicate adsorbategranules formed were passed through 425 micron screen.

2. Chlorpheniramine IR Layer Blend

Qty/Tablet Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (mg) (g) 1 Chlorpheniraminemaleate   1.00   2.00  0.90 2 Microcrystalline Cellulose  10.0  20.0  9.00 (Ceolus ® 711) 3 Lactose Anhydrous  87.0 174.0  78.30 (Supertab ®22AN) 4 Colloidal Silicon dioxide   1.0   2.0   0.90 (Aerosil ® 200) 5Magnesium Stearate (Hyqual ®)   1.0   2.0   0.90 Total 100.0 200.0 90.00

Pass Items 1, 2 & 3 through 710 micron screen and mix in a poly bag for10 minutes. Pass Item 4 through 600 micron screen, add to above blendand mix for 2 minutes. Add Item 5 (600 micron screen) to above blend andmix for 2 minutes.

3. Benzonatate/Chlorpheniramine ER Layer Blend

Qty/Tablet Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (mg) (g) 1 BEN-Calcium Silicateadsorbate 27.5 247.7 24.77 (Assay 60.66%) 2 Chlorpheniramine maleate0.22 2.00 0.20 3 Hydroxypropyl cellulose LXF 20.0 180.0 18.00 (Klucel ®LXF) 4 Microcrystalline Cellulose 10.0 90.0 9.00 (Ceolus ® 711) 5Lactose Anhydrous 32.5 292.3 29.23 (Supertab ® 22AN) 6 Copovidone(Kollidon ® VA 64) 8.0 72.0 7.20 7 Aerosil ® 200 1.0 9.0 0.90 8Magnesium Stearate 1.0 9.0 0.90 Total 100.0 900.0 90.00 Batch Size: 100tablets

Pass Items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6 through 710 micron screen and mix in a polybag for 10 minutes. Pass Item 7 through 600 micron screen, add to aboveblend and mix for 2 minutes. Add Item 8 (600 micron screen) to aboveblend and mix for 2 minutes.

4. Compression Benzonatate/Chlorpheniramine Bilayer Tablet

Compress the two blends to specifications as bilayer tablets using asuitable double-layer tablet press. Compress the sustained release layerfirst. Tool: 0.3310″×0.7210″ (Plain) Hardness: 11 Kp. Sustained releaselayer: 900 mg. Immediate release layer: 200 mg.

5. Coating with Eudragit® EPO Ready Mix (Reverse Enteric Coat)

Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (g) 1 Eudragit ® EPO Ready Mix*  15.0 45.00 2 Purified Water  85.0 255.00 Total 100.0 300.00 Total Solidcontent = 15%

Mix Item 1 in water using a high shear mixer for 30 minutes at 2300 rpm.Pass the suspension through a 500 micron screen and stir continuouslyusing a magnetic stirrer. Tablets were coated with following processparameters to reach a 10 wt % reverse enteric coating on the tablets,based on the weight of the coated tablets (prior to any seal coating).Process parameters: Inlet Temperature: 35° C., Exhaust Temp: 28° C.-30°C., Air flow: 65 cfm, Spray rate: 1.5 g/min. Pan dry the coated tabletsat 40° C. for 30 minutes.

6. Coating with Opadry® YS-1-19025-A (Seal Coat)

Qty/Lot No. Ingredient % w/w (g) 1 Opadry ® YS-1-19025-A  7.5  22.50clear 2 Purified Water  92.5 277.50 Total 100.0 300.00 Total Solidcontent = 7.5%

Prepare a clear solution of seal coat by adding Item 1 to Item 2 and mixfor 60 minutes using an Arrow mixer. Coat the reverse enteric coatedtablets with following parameters to reach a 3 wt % seal coat. Processparameters: Inlet Temperature: 60° C.-65° C., Exhaust Temp: 38° C.-48°C., Air flow: 63 cfm, Spray rate: 1.5 g/min.

All patents, patent publications, and other publications listed in thisspecification are incorporated herein by reference. While the inventionhas been described with reference to a particularly preferredembodiment, it will be appreciated that modifications can be madewithout departing from the spirit of the invention. Such modificationsare intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

1. A modified release solid oral composition comprising: a matrixcomprising (a) an adsorbate powder comprising benzonatate adsorbed to asilicon dioxide, and (b) at least one hydrophilic matrix formingmaterial, and a reverse enteric coating, wherein the compositionprovides benzonatate having a pharmacokinetic profile characterized byone or more of: an arithmetic mean Cmax of about 52 ng/mL, an arithmeticmean Cmax of about 60 ng/mL, a geometric mean AUCinf of about 137ng.h/mL or an arithmetic mean AUCinf of about 160 ng.h/mL.
 2. Themodified release solid oral composition according to claim 1, whereinthe composition comprises mini-tabs loaded into a capsule.
 3. Themodified release solid oral composition according to claim 1, whereinthe weight ratio of benzonatate to the amorphous adsorbent is in therange of about 5:1 to about 1:10.
 4. The modified release solid oralcomposition according to claim 1, which comprises about 5% w/w to about35% w/w, or about 5% w/w to about 30% w/w of the at least onehydrophilic polymer, based on the weight of the homogenous soliddispersion.
 5. The modified release solid oral composition according toclaim 4, wherein the matrix-forming substance comprises a low viscosity,hydrophilic polymer which is a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose having aviscosity of about 4000 mPa-s to about 100,000 mPa-s, or a blend ofpolymers containing said hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
 6. The modifiedrelease solid oral composition according to claim 1, wherein saidreverse enteric coating comprises (a) a pH-dependent methyl methacrylateand diethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer or (b) a pH-dependentcationic copolymer based on dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, butylmethacrylate and methyl methacrylate.
 7. The modified release solid oralcomposition according to claim 6, wherein said reverse enteric coatingcomprises a pH-dependent cationic copolymer based on dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate, butyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate.
 8. Themodified release solid oral composition according to claim 6, whereinsaid reverse enteric coating comprises about 5% to about 40% weight ofsaid composition.
 9. The modified release solid oral compositionaccording to claim 6 which is a compressed tablet.
 10. The modifiedrelease solid oral composition according to claim 9, wherein the tabletfurther comprises at least one excipient selected from one or more ofbulking agents, binders, and lubricants.
 11. The modified release solidoral composition according to claim 1, wherein said tablet furthercomprises at least one or more additional pharmaceutically activecomponents.
 12. The modified release solid oral composition according toclaim 1, wherein said at least one or more additional active componentsis selected from an anti-pyretic, an analgesic, an anti-histamine, anexpectorant and a decongestant.
 13. The modified release solid oralcomposition according to claim 12, wherein said at least one or moreadditional active components are independently in immediate releaseform, in modified release form, or both.
 14. The modified release solidoral composition according claim 1, wherein said at least one or moreadditional active components-is the expectorant guaifenesin.
 15. Themodified release solid oral composition according to claim 14, whereinat least one of the one or more additional active components is in thematrix.
 16. The modified release solid oral composition according toclaim 1, wherein the adsorbate powder of (a)(i) comprises particleshaving an average size of about 50 μm to about 200 μm.
 17. The modifiedrelease solid oral composition according to claim 1, wherein theadsorbate powder of (a)(i) comprises at least about 55% w/w to about 60%w/w benzonatate.
 18. The modified release benzonatate solid compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein said reverse enteric coat comprises abutylated methacrylate copolymer.
 19. The modified release benzonatatesolid composition according to claim 1, wherein said solid dispersionfurther comprises one or more of microcrystalline cellulose, copovidone,hypromellose and magnesium stearate.
 20. A modified release solid oralcomposition comprising: (a) an adsorbate powder comprising benzonatateadsorbed to one or more of a silicon dioxide, (b) a hydrophobic orhydrophilic matrix forming material, and a reverse enteric coating, thecomposition provides benzonatate having a pharmacokinetic profilecharacterized by one or more of: a geometric mean maximum plasmaconcentration which has an area under the curve (AUC)inf of about 150ng-h/mL and/or a Cmax of about 30 ng/mL.